Top Interview Mistakes for Teachers

Trolls, Sexism And Women Online - 1425 Words

While doing the presentation on the topic of trolls, sexism and women online, there are few learning outcomes that are clearly being drawn. For this piece I will be exploring the example that used in the presentation. I will begin with acts in the example and finished with discussing are there and moral conflict between two sides of the voice. The example we used in the presentation is Lushsux who is a boundary-pushing street artist drew Hillary Clinton wearing swimsuit with stars-and-stripes print on a wall in Footscray West. He asked for permission from the local business owner before he do the mural. After Lushsux publish the mural on Instagram and people started to posting on Instagram and twitter, the mural was given an additional of US dollar bills stuffed down. Later on, Lushsux’s Instagram account was blocked and local government started to said it is offensive to draw a â€Å"nearly-naked† women. Then Lushsux paint her into a Muslim women and leave a message â€Å"If you do consider it offensive, you are a sexist, racist, Islam phobic, xenophobic, uncultured and ignorant bigot.† No matter how Lushsux change the mural, the local council ask the shop owner to clear it up within 10 days. At the end, the mural has to paint back into all black then problem is solved. Originally, Lushsux just want to draw public awareness. When we look back in his painting, he painted Donald Trump naked and there is no reaction from the local council and nobody gives attention to it. But when itShow MoreRelatedAnti Social Behaviors On The Internet873 Words   |  4 PagesAnti social behaviors on the Internet The word trolling on the online has lots of power, trolling can go from fun to death real fast. It depends how you express your words on the Internet towards someone or someone towards you. The anti social behaviors on the Internet had caused people to suicide, to sexual harassment, for us as a browser on the Internet we are exposed to all these threats. The big social media should have more protection towards these behaviors more seriously. This trollingRead More`` Blame Photo Thieves, Not The Female Victim, By Columnist Leonard Pitts Jr. Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesStrong Response Draft The web is filled with online trolls who would sell what shreds of dignity they have left for an Angela Lansbury nude. Equally, the average internet user has come to despise the delinquents who harm in the form of internet torture. And while he or she could be blamed for being reckless, it is uncommon to guilt the average internet user for being hacked. The fault lies with the malicious hacker. In recent months, many celebrities have had private photos of themselves hackedRead MorePublic Shaming1468 Words   |  6 Pagesexposing it online to encourage harassment from others? This practice has gradually been popularized by Anonymous, the amorphous collective of trolls and â€Å"hacktivists† that alternately terrorize tween girls and disable government websites. In 2012, this practice was broadly adopted by media outlets. In October, Gawker unmasked a creep, notorious for facilitating the sharing sexualized images of women (underage and otherwise) taken without their consent. Gawker declared him â€Å"the biggest troll on theRead MoreSocial Network Media Benefits Feminism1448 Words   |  6 Pagesin 2014, with the hashtag #YesAllWomen. An incident happened in May 2014 where a young man, Elliot Rodger, expressed his hatred for women and he went on a shooting spree in Santa Barbara, California, targeting women. After this tragedy made the news, thousands of women posted on various social networks with the hashtag #YesAllWomen, in order to share the ways sexism and violence affects everyone in their daily life. This hashtag trended all over social networking sites, particularly on Twitter, forRead MoreFreedom Of Speech : Speech And Expression898 Words   |  4 Pageslearned from the tyranny of the British King. They wanted more freedom and p ower to the people. In the modern era, everything has changed, and our people are now separated by conflicts that were definitely not considered in the 1700s, such as racism, sexism, and religious freedom, among countless others. A modern day interpretation is certainly helpful, but I think that even with the ambiguity of the amendment, it should be clear that there is a very fine boundary when it comes to free speech and expression

Commerce Implementation Report Services †Myassignmenhelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Commerce Implementation Report Services? Answer: Introduction Cleaning trade services has decided to go online with the setting up of a website for their business. The decision has been taken with the expansion of the business and the website will allow the business to reach out to more number of customers. There will be various steps and processes that will be present in the project and all of these activities shall be covered with required standards and protocols. The report covers the implementation plan, mobile web presence, e-commerce security along with the information privacy in social media. Implementation Plan SDLC Approach The web site that will be designed for online cleaning trade services shall be developed and implemented with the aid of the SDLC approach as iterative Waterfall model. There are numerous techniques that have been defined in order to develop a website out of which iterative Waterfall provides an amalgamation of traditional and the new and improved practices. It comprises of the dedicated steps to proceed towards the development of a site and also includes the mechanism to gain feedback regarding the progress in each of the iterations or phases (Kaur, 2015). SDLC Steps There will be five major steps that will be involved in the development of the website. These steps have been listed and described below. System Planning and Analysis This will be the first step that will be involved in the development of the website for cleaning trade services. It is the step that will include the execution of planning tasks and activities which will determine the scope for the web site and will also estimate the budget and schedule that will be involved with the entire project (Cohen, 2010). The requirements will be gathered and analyzed in this step which will then be divided into categories such as functional requirements, non-functional requirements, user requirements etc. Finalization of the scope along with the budget and schedule will be the outcomes from this phase. System Design Designing of the system is essential to make sure that the steps that lie ahead in terms of execution and development are completed with utmost perfection. The activities that will take place in this step will be carried out from the outputs provided by the previous phase. There are several design principles that have been created and provided in terms of web development which will be utilized for designing the layout and other UI aspects associated with the site. Qualities such as usability and reliability will be paid much attention during this step. System design document will be the outcome from this phase (Mohankumar and Anand Kumar, 2016). Building the System System Development Development and building of the website will be a very important phase that will be involved with the site and there will be several activities and sub-activities that will be involved in this phase. The developmental activities will be based upon the outcomes of the analysis and design steps. It will include the creation of the source code which will be carried out on the basis of the requirements and specifications that will be provided and finalized. Also, the development team will carry out unit testing on the source code that will be created in order to make sure that there are no major defects present in the website (Sabale, 2012). System Testing Testing is a very important activity and step that plays a significant role in the performance of the websites and other systems. In case of the website for cleaning trade services, testing will be carried out in order to highlight the defects that will be associated with the site. The defects will be reported and logged in to the defect tracking and management tool and a report will be provided to the senior management and the development team. There will many testing types that will be executed on the website such as system testing, integration testing, regression testing, performance testing, security testing and load testing. The primary aim of all of these testing types will be to make sure that during the actual usage of the site, the customer does not experience any major defects or bugs that may lead to deviation from the actual path. There will also be a test plan that will be created for the entire testing activity that will state the testing methodology and approach that w ill be used along with the types of testing and defect reporting mechanisms that will be covered (Habib, 2014). System Maintenance Web development does not come to an end with the deployment and implementation of the site. However, technology that is involved in web development is transforming with each passing day and it is necessary to ensure that the pace is maintained with the change in technology. It is therefore necessary to maintain and upgrade the web site at regular intervals. The same will be applied in case of the website for cleaning trade services. The practice will also offer advantages in terms of the security of the website as the attacks and threats that will designed for a specific version will get avoided and prevented with the upgrade on the website. Mobile Web Presence In order to reach out to increased number of customers, it will be essential that the presence is ensured on the mobile platforms as well. There will be several components that will be involved to make sure that the presence on the mobile platforms is utilized to the fullest. Mobile OS There are several mobile operating systems that are being used by the users all across the globe. The mobile application that will be designed for cleaning trade service shall make sure that the compatibility with all the major mobile operating systems is ensured. There are a few major operating systems that are in use such as Android, iOS and Windows. The mobile app that will be designed will be required to confirm to the requirements of the devices that run on these operating systems (Barolli, Hsu and Shibata, 2008). Design of the Application There is a lot of difference between the design of the website that will run on desktops and laptops and the design of the application for the mobile devices such as Smartphones and tablets. It is because of the reason that there is a huge difference in the resolution and screen size between the two categories of the devices. The design of the application for cleaning trade services will therefore be required to adhere to the design principles that have been defined for the mobile devices. The following specifications will be required to be maintained and reflected in the screens of the application. There shall be extra attention that shall be paid to the navigation on the screens of the mobile devices as the aspects of the laptops/personal computers and mobile devices are different. It shall be made sure that there is not too much of navigation present on any of the screens of the application. The layout that will be used in the mobile app shall also be kept simple to make sure there is congestion avoided and the use of spaces is adequately done (N Inukollu et al., 2014). Consistency is one of the major principles that are involved in the applications that are designed and developed for the mobile devices. It shall be made sure that the screens of the mobile app are consistent in terms of the layout and design and also in terms of the colors and style. There shall also be no overuse of colors done on the screens of the mobile app and it shall also be made sure that the visual appeal that is offered along with the application is high. Mobile App Security The security attacks and threats that are associated with the mobile devices and mobile applications are huge in number and there are also several protection measures that are available to fight against the attacks. Some of the attacks and risks that are associated with the mobile apps include the threats that are related with the security of the device itself. There may be occurrences wherein these devices may get lost or stolen which will be dangerous from the point of view of the security of the information. There shall be measures installed within the app to make sure that the information related to the application stays safe in such a case. Apart from the device related threats, there will also be a number of other threats and risks that will be associated with the mobile devices in terms of the information security and privacy. It will be necessary to make sure that there are security mechanisms and measures built within the application to fight against these risks and attacks (Vasileiadis, 2014). Some of the measures that will be necessary to be built in the app will include the automated encryption of the information associated with the application while it travels from one place to the other. Also, the measures around access control and authentication will be essential so that the basic security of the mobile app is enhanced. Front end and Back end The front end of the mobile app will be required to be developed in a programming language such as JAVA or PHP that offers inter-operatibility to the application. Also, it will provide the application with the abilities such as scalability, flexibility and adaptability. There will also be certain back end requirements that will be necessary with the setting up of database using the database engine as MySQL or any of the NoSQL databases. The information will be efficiently managed and stored using these database engines in the application of cleaning trade services (Chen, 2016). E-Commerce Security Environment Security will be a prime area of concern for the e-commerce website of cleaning trade services. There will be numerous security risks and threats that will be associated with the web site. Security Threats and Risks The primary threats that will be associated with the website of the cleaning trade services will be around the security and privacy of the information. These threats will impact the properties of the information such as its confidentiality and integrity. Also, the availability of the website will be demanded and desired by the users which will also be adversely impacted by these attacks (Herrmann, 2004). The website will be accessible and will be made available to the users with the aid of information networks and there will be many access points that will be present in the website. These access points will lead to become the cause for various security attacks and risks such as unauthorized tracking, breaching of information and eavesdropping on the network. There will also be numerous attacks that will be related with the system availability as the same will be impacted by the security attacks on the website. Many of the flooding attacks will be possible and probable which will lead to the damage to the availability of the website and will also impact the user experience. Some of the other attacks will involve server impersonation, phishing and spoofing attacks, malware attacks, man in the middle attacks, alteration of media contents etc (Stubblefield, Rubin and Wallach, 2005). Security Steps and Measures Technology has allowed the technocrats to develop protection measures against the security threats and attacks and it is essential to ensure that these measures are implemented in case of the website for cleaning trade services as well. The security steps that shall be implemented shall include a mix of administrative controls along with logical and physical controls. Administrative Controls There are numerous activities that will take place during the design, development, deployment and post-deployment of the website for cleaning trade services. These activities will be required to be monitored and reviewed at regular intervals so that the deviations of any sorts are avoided. Also, it will be essential to come up with enhanced protocols and review policies so that the frequent validation and evaluation is carried out by the administrative department and senior management. Network will be the prime cause of the threats which will be required to be monitored and reviewed at frequent basis (Hein, Morozov and Saiedian, 2011). Logical Controls Application of technology in order to manage the security risks and attacks will be essential and there are several logical and technical controls that have been created for the same. Basic security of the website for cleaning trade services will be required to be improved by making sure that the authentication and access control measures are effectively taken and there are enhanced measures such as one time passwords, single sign on, two-fold authentication etc. are adapted (Schaupp, 2010). There shall also be implementation of advanced mechanisms in terms of technical controls such as use of the automated tools for avoiding the attacks. Some of these tools include anti-denial tools, Intrusion Detection Prevention systems, anti-malware tools and many more. Information encryption is a process that is mandatory in case of all the e-commerce sites and applications so that the risk to the information security and privacy is nullified. The same shall be applied in this case as well. There are also technical and automated tools that are available for backing up of the data and information which shall be used in the website for scheduling automated backups so that the information remains safe(Changchit, 2011). Physical Controls There are many physical controls that will be applicable in this case. The website of the cleaning trade services will be accessed by the users through the aid of a device such as laptops, personal computers or any of the mobile devices. These devices will be required to be safeguarded so that there are no occurrences of loss or stealing of the device. Application and implementation of all of the measures that have been stated above will be required to be done so that the timely prevention and detection of the security attacks and risks can be done and the damage can be controlled. Frequent occurrences of these risks and attacks will be damaging for the success of the website as it will lead to the minimization of the customer trust and will also lead to reduction of the customer engagement with the website. Information Privacy in Social Media Use of social media and social networking has enhanced and the same will be incorporated on the website as well. The website will be integrated with all the popular social media platforms that will allow the customers to connect with their respective social media accounts and share the information through the same. The information that is shared through any of these social media accounts is either shred with public or with the friends that are added in the social media account. There are privacy and account settings that are usually required to be done to make sure that the information does not go in wrong hands (Chung, 2016). Problems to Customers There may be several problems that the customers may face while they share information with the aid of their social media accounts. There are several security risks that are associated with sharing of information on social media. The hackers and attackers make use of suspicious URLs so that the users may click on them which will introduce the viruses or other malware on the system and website that the user is using for accessing the social media account. The privacy of the user information is out at stake because of such activities (Montaquila and Godwin, 2016). The users can also post information through the website on the basis of location based services. For instance, in order to apply as a cleaner or for searching a cleaner in particular area or locality, the location will be picked up by the website. The same will be reflected on the information shared on the social media accounts through the website. Malicious entities may take advantage from this situation and the enemies of the users may cause physical harm by tracking the user location(Rosenblum, 2007). The information that is once posted on the social media accounts may be misused by the entities such as the preferences and choices may be studied and the patterns may be acquired to gain important and significant information about the users. Also, in case of making the information available to public, there are many entities that can view the information (Hazari and Brown, 2013). Steps to Follow by the Organization The organization shall follow certain steps and procedures to make sure that the risks that are associated with the social media accounts and networks are avoided and the information of the users is protected and secured at all times. There is an option of restriction on the access that shall be used by the website to put a check on the risks and attacks that are associated with the information present on the social media accounts. The restriction will make sure that only the entities that the user wants can view the information that is shared by the user and no other entity can gain access to the same. There shall be disclaimers and alerts included on the website regarding the probable and possible risks that may emerge if the user shares the information from his or her account on any of the social media platforms (Zhang, 2016). There shall also be used and installation of in-built anti-spyware, anti-virus and other anti-malware packages in the website and all of its components so that the information that is shared by the user remains safe and secure at all times. There is an ethical code of conduct that the employees and the entities associated with the organization and the website must follow to make sure that there are no internal threats and risks that are given shape. The employees of the organization will have added privileges to access the user information for several purposes such as analysis or testing. This information may be misused by the employees and may be transferred in the wrong hands. Such occurrences shall be avoided and there shall be timely and regular trainings regarding the ethical practices and professional code of conduct that shall be given to the employees. Social media along with its use and application in the field of e-commerce will provide several advantages to the industry and the same will apply to cleaning trade services as well. However, there are certain guidelines that shall be followed to make sure that there are no risks and threats to the information that is associated with the website. It will also be essential and necessary to make sure that the stakeholders and employees that are associated with the organization also follow ethical and professional practices to avoid any of the risks (Qi and Edgar-Nevill, 2011). Conclusion E-commerce is an industry that has flourished and is developing itself with each passing day. The online presence of a particular business has become a necessity in the current times. Cleaning trade services has also agreed to go with the flow and a website will be set up for the business to make sure that more number of customers may access the site. The entire process involved in the setting up of the website shall be completed in a series of five phases as system analysis, system design, system development, system testing and maintenance of the system. It will also be essential for cleaning trade services to have mobile web presence as well with the creation of a mobile application for the business. It will allow more and more number of customers to get associated with the same. There are certain security risks that will be associated with the website and mobile application that will be developed. It has been recommended that the users and the organization shall take steps to make sure that these risks and attacks are avoided. On the side of the user, it shall be ensured that the physical safety of the devices is maintained and they do not click on any suspicious or malicious links. Also, sharing of the information on social media accounts and platforms shall be controlled. The organization shall also take steps to put a check on the security attacks by applying administrative, technical and physical controls. These controls shall have the basic security aim as the prevention of attacks and control of the damage that may be caused. References Barolli, L., Hsu, H. and Shibata, Y. (2008). Mobile Systems and Applications. Mobile Information Systems, 4(2), pp.77-79. Changchit, C. (2011). Security Systems Framework, Security-Related Research, Web Threats. Journal of Information Privacy and Security, 7(4), pp.1-2. Chen, C. (2016). Cognition and Cooperation in Advanced Wireless and Mobile Information Systems. Mobile Information Systems, 2016, pp.1-2. Chung, W. (2016). Social media analytics: Security and privacy issues. Journal of Information Privacy and Security, 12(3), pp.105-106. Cohen, S. (2010). A Software System Development Life Cycle Model for Improved Stakeholders Communication and Collaboration. International Journal of Computers Communications Control, 5(1), p.20. Habib, B. (2014). Relationship between the System Development Life Cycle and Software Quality Criterions for Achieving a Quality Software Product. International Journal of Computer Applications, 104(10), pp.17-23. Hazari, S. and Brown, C. (2013). An Empirical Investigation of Privacy Awareness and Concerns on Social Networking Sites. Journal of Information Privacy and Security, 9(4), pp.31-51. Hein, D., Morozov, S. and Saiedian, H. (2011). A survey of client-side Web threats and counter-threat measures. Security and Communication Networks, 5(5), pp.535-544. Herrmann, G. (2004). Introduction: Security and Trust in Electronic Commerce. Electronic Commerce Research, 4(1/2), pp.5-7. Kaur, A. (2015). Suitability of Existing Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) in Context of Mobile Application Development Life Cycle (MADLC). International Journal of Computer Applications, 116(19), pp.1-6. Mohankumar, M. and Anand Kumar, M. (2016). Green based Software Development Life Cycle Model for Software Engineering. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(32). Montaquila, J. and Godwin, C. (2016). Personnel security and open source intelligence: Employing social media analytics in pre-employment screening and selection. Journal of Information Privacy and Security, 12(3), pp.145-159. N Inukollu, V., Keshamon, D., Kang, T. and Inukollu, M. (2014). Factors Influncing Quality of Mobile Apps: Role of Mobile App Development Life Cycle. International Journal of Software Engineering Applications, 5(5), pp.15-34. Qi, M. and Edgar-Nevill, D. (2011). Social networking searching and privacy issues. Information Security Technical Report. Rosenblum, D. (2007). What Anyone Can Know: The Privacy Risks of Social Networking Sites. IEEE Security Privacy Magazine, 5(3), pp.40-49. Sabale, R. (2012). Comparative Study of Prototype Model For Software Engineering With System Development Life Cycle. IOSR Journal of Engineering, 02(07), pp.21-24. Schaupp, L. (2010). Web Site Success: Antecedents of Web Site Satisfaction and Re-use. Journal of Internet Commerce, 9(1), pp.42-64. Stubblefield, A., Rubin, A. and Wallach, D. (2005). Managing the Performance Impact of Web Security. Electronic Commerce Research, 5(1), pp.99-116. Vasileiadis, A. (2014). Security Concerns and Trust in the Adoption of M-Commerce. Social Technologies, 4(1), pp.179-191. Zhang, J. (2016). Exploring the Effects of the Privacy-Handling Management Styles of Social Networking Sites on User Satisfaction: A Conflict Management Perspective. Decision Sciences.

The American Romanticism Movement Essay Example For Students

The American Romanticism Movement Essay Literature has changed many times over history, thus giving a vast variety of writing styles. One such style that took hold in the 18th and 19th centuries was romanticism. The use of imagination, freedom of thought, and expression often characterized this style of writing. Romanticism immerged first in France and Germany as people began to leave the classical style of writing. The ideas put into romanticism came from two well-known people, a French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau and a Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. There were four points that authors during romanticism focused on libertarianism, nature, and the supernatural. Libertarianism involved an emphasis on the dignity and rights of an individual. These new revolutions went into many political documents written during this time period. The aspect of nature was also new to this time period. Authors began to bring nature and natural surroundings into their writing. This provided the reader with more description and detail. We will write a custom essay on The American Romanticism Movement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The introduction of nature into writing produced several sceneries that are today considered to be romantic. Third, supernatural and irrational thoughts became prominent in the writings of this time period. This brought out a trend of rewriting previous folktales and ballads from hundreds of years prior into newer and a more modern style of writing. As with all other literary movements, romanticism began to slowly decline during the middle of the 19th century. Several other literary movements such as the symbolist movement, realism, and naturalism soon followed Romanticism. Bibliography: .

Bulmia essays

Bulmia essays Specific purpose: I want my audience to understand what bulimia is. Organizational pattern: Cause-effect Introduction I. Attention statement: Nearly half of Americans personally know someone with an eating disorder such as bulimia, according to a recent survey of 1,264 adults, in the New York Times, by Zogby, published Friday July seventh. In addition the poll states that college graduates are more likely to know someone with an eating disorder (Zogby). II. Orientation phase point: I am going to tell you what is bulimia, signs/side affects and treatments. Adaptation: Bulimia is an eating disorder in which a person eats an abnormally large amount of food (which is a binge), and then tries to prevent the weight gain by purging. Some examples of purging are: vomiting (most common), waterpills, laxatives, fasting or even excessive exercising. According to the 1990 book, titled Eating Habits and Disorders, written by Rachel Epstein. Credibility : Bulimia is difficult to detect in someone you know. This is because many of the bulimic's remain at normal body weight or even above normal weight. This is due to their frequent binges on food. Binges can range from one or two times a week to many times a day. Enumerated preview: My object today is for you to understand bulimia and to be able for you to receive information that could maybe help you out some day. First I will tell you the causes, then the signs/side affects, and treatments. Transitions: To begin with I would like to tell you that there are many factors that contribute to bulimia but the exact cause is unknown. BODY III. Suffers of bulimia binge and purge for a variety of reasons. A. Bulimia usually starts in the teen or early adult years and is far more common in females than in males. The illness may be constant or it may get better and worse over a period of many years. Usually bingeing alternates with periods of normal eating andor fasting. In severe cases there may be periods of...

Idiomatic English

Idiomatic English Idiomatic English Idiomatic English By Maeve Maddox In response to the When to use ‘on’ and when to use ‘in post about prepositions, Francesco Mapelli writes: I still dont get the He was not thinking well on that occasion. Why is in wrong here? At the risk of sounding unhelpful, the only answer to this perplexity is that on that occasion is idiomatic English and in that occasion is not. On the other hand, we can say in that instance, while it would be unidiomatic to say on that instance. In his renowned A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, H. W. Fowler defined an idiomatic expression as one that is natural for a normal Englishman to say or write. He went on to say that idiomatic English is not necessarily grammatical or ungrammatical. Sometimes idiomatic usage agrees with stated rules, and sometimes it doesnt. The two, grammar and idiom, are two separate categories. Sometimes they agree, and sometimes they dont. It is not necessary to understand an idiom. It is only necessary to accept it. My beginning French students often exclaimed at French idioms like Jai 17 ans (literally, I have 17 years). They wanted to translate such constructions literally, and then complained that the result sounded ridiculous in English. I worked very hardusually unsuccessfullyto convince them that French is not some funny form of English. French is French, and in French, Jai 17 ans is correct and Je suis 17 ans is nonsense. Idiomatic expressions of every kind in Englsh are rapidly changing. Here are some examples from my collection of prepositional use in the media: living under borrowed time. (living on borrowed time) Stonehenge has mystic appeal to the British people. (appeal for the English people) On the other hand, we say that picture appeals to me. foreigners have been encroaching into Korean waters. (encroaching on) The IRS is not concerned with the situations in which these minors will be returned to. This one is ungrammatical as well as unidiomatic. It should read: The IRS is not concerned with the situations to which these minors will be returned. Several forces are at work to change English idioms. One is lack of attention to teaching traditional literature and usage in the public school classroom. School administrators as a group do not value language instruction. Many of them laugh off their own grammatical errors or lack of familiarity with literary classics by implying that such matters are the concern of English teachers only. Few Americans read for entertainment. We are a film-oriented culture. Popular television shows like Seinfeld spread nonstandard regional usages such as waiting on line for waiting in line (in the sense of waiting in a queue). Popular attitudes about personal liberty equate linguistic correctness with elitism or social oppression. Finally, to some extent, the grammatical conventions of other languages find their way into English by way of our diverse population. In many ways a language shapes the thoughts of the people who speak it, but the speakers also shape the language. If enough people start saying or writing a certain expression, it will become idiomatic. The Stonehenge example above illustrates how idioms can change by analogy with other idioms. Language is going to change from generation to generation in any case. If it changes too rapidly, the traditional literature is lost. Few read Chaucer for fun anymore. Shakespeares works must be studied with a glossary. High school students struggle with Great Expectations, and some entering college students have trouble understanding the essays of George Orwell. Writers have a responsibility to read widely in the literature of the language in which they choose to write. They have the privilege of innovation, but, in the interest of continuity and comprehensibility, they can use the privilege judiciously. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)40 Synonyms for â€Å"Different†How to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... and Your CEO

Cultural differencies and people management Essay

Cultural differencies and people management - Essay Example Understanding the culture of host country and consideration of cultural differences is important for companies in the international arena. The importance of cultural importance has been widely studies and research on it indicates that possessing a sound knowledge of the culture of markets in which businesses operate is of paramount significance. The Importance of cultural differences At the international level, have a good understanding of the cultural differences between the global market and the national level is critical in building long-term relationships and achieving business success. For example, in majority of Asian cultures, operating business is not limited to the confines of working hours, but rather can be extended to blend into social situations such as meals where opportunities are exploited to build bonds, making understanding and appreciation of the local culture an essential factor (Morrison, 2006). Cultural differences also play a significant role in determining the type of entry mode to be adopted by a company that is thinking of venturing into international markets. An example given by Morrison (2006) that can be cited as an area where the importance is clearly defined is in joint ventures where cooperation and trust is key to maintaining long-term business success. It is important for firms that going into joint ventures in the international market to critically analyze the culture of host country and come up with ways of blending the culture of different locations into a distinctive corporate culture in order to augment the sense of corporate identity. However, international managers need to appreciate that this comes with considerable challenges especially when strong national cultures clash in the case of global mergers (Morrison, 2006). In order for strategic alliances between firms in a different cultural setting to remain successful, it is important to maintain consistent corporation that ensures risks associated with opportunistic be haviours are minimized. Therefore, there is need to develop a higher level of trust between joint ventures, and cultural difference can be effectively used a measure of the different levels of trust between among countries. For example, it has been argued that masculinity can negatively impact joint venture projects, and individualism seems to have negative effects on the voluntary joint management of a firm, depending on the national cultural setting that a company operates under (Lee et al., 2011). In addition, the cultural difference of countries can be an important factor in determining the type of wholly owned subsidiary investment to be considered by international organizations. For example, a greater level of difference in culture necessitates that firms have stronger business controls, and firms operating in such markets are more likely to prefer wholly owned subsidiary as a way of entering into international markets. Therefore, the cultural difference increases the benefits of a company by acquiring n existing firm in the new foreign market since the organization entering the market has the opportunity of learning the different norms and routines unique to the host country from the acquired subsidiary. This plays a significant role in maintaining the success of the company as it ensures that firms make sound

U02a1 Topic Selection Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U02a1 Topic Selection - Research Paper Example The dependent variable is the experienced domestic violence with the drug users as victims or perpetrators of the reported violence. The proposed research aims at ascertaining an assumption of a relationship between drug abuse and domestic violence and the extent to which consumption of the substances contribute to the violence. The research title will be ‘Ascertaining existence of a relationship between drug abuse and domestic violence’. ‘Factors affecting the relationship between cognitive development among children and their social environment’ is another research topic, in sociology, that I can explore through qualitative research. I can research on the topic with children’s social environments as the independent variable and their level of cognitive development as the dependent variable. The research title will be ‘Social and economic factors affecting children’s cognitive development’. Hartas, D. (2010). Families’ Social Background Matters: Socioeconomic Factors, Home Learning and Young Children’s Language, Literacy and Social Outcomes. University of Warwick. retrieved from: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3406/1/WRAP_Hartas_BERJ_paper_2010_%282%29.pdf. The article aimed at investigating the relationship between children’s learning in their domestic environments and social and economic condition of the children’s parents to determine effects of the conditions on the children’s learning potential, social, and emotional stability. With data from a sample, the article’s findings establishes that parents participate in their children’s learning processes at home and the parents’ social and economic potentials influence their children’s development. The factors however have more significant effects on the children’s literacy development than on their social and emotional potentials. The article sought to establish the relationship between drug abuse, involvement in violence and suicide. It identifies suicide and violence as

Mobile Phone Essay Example for Free

Mobile Phone Essay Some people say that the mobile phone has been the best technology since the development of the computer. However, having a mobile has both pros and cons. On the plus side is that the mobile phone has become popular to everybody since it is very convenient. The most advantage of having a mobile phone is you can communicate to your family and your friends no matter what where you are. For instance, you can contact easily to your friends by calling or sending messages everywhere without electricity. It is maybe the main reason why almost all people today choose to own a mobile phone. From the customer’s point of view, it is obvious that mobile phones assist you in business a lot, such as, make schedule of working, surf the internet, and keep in touch with their companies. Moreover, you can relax with mobile phone’s applications, for example, play games, listen to music, or chat with your friends. On the other hand, there are also disadvantages. Using a lot mobile phone can harm your brain, particularly teenager and children who are under 16 years old. If you use mobile phones too much, you will get bad effects like dizzy, blood-brain barrier, or ears problems. In addition, when you use mobile phones while you are driving, you will get an accident. It is essential not good for you and others. Moreover, â€Å"radiations emitted from the phone are dead harmful for the eardrum†, has proved by many scientist. In conclusion, the invention of mobile phones has changed our lives, whether in positive or negative ways depending on how we use them. People should not overuse them so that they will not be vulnerable to phone addiction and save money. Also, it plays an important in our life and we cannot deny that it has been helping us greatly.

The Nature of Psychology Essay examples -- essays research papers

The Nature of Psychology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychology is the scientific study and practical application of observable behavior and mental processes of organisms. Psychology differs from other social sciences such as: Sociology, History, or Economics, because psychology specifically deals with the study of an individual. The other social sciences will study groups, or history. Psychology is less a science of reported findings, it attempts asks and answers questions using observable behavior and what can be determined as mental processes of the subject. The symbol for psychology is the Greek letter â€Å"psi† (Ø). The subject matter of psychology is, affect, behavior, and cognition. The affect for psychology is the actual mental processes that make up: moods, feeling, and emotional state. An example for affect would be feeling sad about something happening. Behavior includes the actually actions and responses of organisms. Behavior can include the way we act in any given situation, for example when we get up in the morning. The order in the way we prepare ourselves for going out into public can be categorized as our behavior. Cognition is the actual mental events and the processes that result from them. Memories of an event are a great example of an organism’s cognition. The components and corresponding faces of psychology include the body of knowledge which is considered the teaching face, set of investigative methods or research face, and array of techniques the therapy face. The goals of psychology are: to explain behaviors, to describe behaviors, to predict behavior, and to modify inappropriate behaviors. Explaining behaviors would be a question similar to â€Å"Why does this happen?†, and example of how describing behavior could be accomplished would be asking â€Å"What causes this behavior, where does it come from?†. Predictions can be elaborated on by asking â€Å"When will the behavior occur?†. An example of a behavioral modification quest ion is â€Å"What can be changed in the environment to alter this behavior?†. A specialized subfield of psychology that most interests me is, Forensic Psychology, because it would be appealing to me to understand a potential criminal mind and to make the determination if the criminal was sane at the time the crime was committed or if he/she was operating with full judgment. In studying the 9/11 attack on America, a Forensic Psyc... ... level of a specific behavioral defect. After all the previous methods have been used, the use of existing data could be of help. Using existing data enables the psychologist to draw conclusions using other studies, surveys, observations, and tests to aide in the diagnose and treatment of a depressed person. A depressed person has a decrease in activity at the serotonin synapses. The independent variable would be the activity in the serotonin synapses. The dependent variable is the actual depression. In an experiment there are two types of groups: the experimental, and control groups. The experimental group is the participants who are exposed to the independent variable. The control group is the group of people who are not exposed to the independent variable, the comparison group. Three ethical concerns in psychological research experiments are: do no harm, maintain confidentiality, and the use of deception only when absolutely necessary. In a depression experiment, the do no har m would be observed by only interviewing the subject. The researcher should refrain from any activity that would cause physical, emotional, and or psychological harm to the subject(s) in any of the groups.

Leadership and Management Essay

Initially I plan on reviewing the prevailing leadership styles in my organisation and then assessing the impact of these on the organisation’s values and performance. In order to assess the leadership styles I have produced a questionnaire (see appendix 1). The questionnaire was designed to find out how directive, participative and permissive each manager in our organisation is and then study the most prevailing style. It was evident from the information collated that the prevailing leadership style in our organisation is participative and directive rather than permissive. On assessing this information it became apparent that our manager’s leadership styles reflect a Contingency theory and they rather be present and take part in services in order to ensure controlled success. Contingency theory is a class of behavioral theories that claim there is no best way to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the best action is contingent (dependent) upon the situation. Several contingency approaches were developed in the1960s. They suggested that previous theories such as Weber’s bureaucracy and Taylor’s Scientific Management had failed because they neglected that management style and organisational structure were influenced by various aspects of the environment: known as contingency factors. There could not be â€Å"one best way† for leadership or organisation. Historically, contingency theory has attempted to formulate broad views about formal structures that are typically associated with or best fit the use of different organisations. This perspective originated with the work of Joan Woodward (1958), who argued that skills directly determine differences in such organisational attributes as a span of control, centralisation of authority, and the formalisation of rules and procedures. My Organisation Values and Performance The organisation that I work for delivers a range of high quality services and projects, these services follow the principles of empowering communities, developing lives, furthering equality, diversity and inclusion and strengthening local voluntary sector delivery. These principles dictate the values in which we function. We are very much a voluntary sector, charitable organisation ensuring that at the heart of our services are the people that access them. Performance is measured through a set of service delivery indicators which form the base of our promises to funding bodies, staff, volunteers and customers in everything we do. These indicators are measured via our service development plan. Each year we publish an Annual Report based on our Service Delivery Indicators, which measure our progress and informs the public of our work over the previous year in delivering against our priorities. (See Appendix 2 for our organisations SDI’s) Our organisation values and performance clearly highlight a need for the leadership to be open and receptive. This allows us to except feedback and input from our service users. A directive and participatory leadership style is imposed by managers in our organisation for staff; however when dealing with service users we have to adopt a more directive style to ensure commination is clear and there is no room for bought. We have found in the past when we have given service users who are vulnerable and have mental health difficulties an opportunity to contribute to services they feel empowered, however they need time and guidance in order to make informed decisions. Effectiveness of my Own Leadership Style On assessing my own leadership style I appeared to be more directive, in the middle when it came to participation, however I did not seem to be very permissive. The results did not surprise me and seemed to be consistent with my approach. I tend to direct staff by the use of many models including action plans which are produced in team meeting and each member of staff is allocated actions, timescales, budget and directions. I am participatory when tasks are being carried out I ensure I understand the delivery method and observe when necessary. For example if we are promoting a new group I will ensure all promotion literature is checked by me prior to going out and visit the new group to view session delivery. I do not hide away form front line delivery and ensure I gage with staff, clients and volunteers therefore I understand the reason why on my leadership assessment I did not score highly on being permissive. Therefore I feel my management style suits the organisation. However with the changing nature of our organisation leading towards a more business-like approach I may find I have to review my management style. I may need to become more permissive, less participatory and even more directive. This will ensure I can work more strategically to order to retain services and staff. Changing my approach may be difficult for my staff to accept, however explaining that their jobs may be at risks if I do not manage differently may put it all into perspective. By applying a Contingency theory mentioned earlier I should be able to manage this effectively. I asked my staff to assess my leadership style using the questionnaire I produced and gave to fellow managers (Appendix 1). The results mirrored my self assessment, demonstrating that I understand my own leadership style well and that the staff have the same opinion. Apply Own Leadership Style in Range of Situations Over the last two weeks I have begun to assess my own leadership style in a variety of situations. These have mainly taken the form of meetings. I have chaired a client/volunteer meeting and a full staff meeting. My leadership style tended to change in these situations. I became less formal with the client and volunteer meeting in order to project at their level of understanding. Less detail was presented and less decision making was required. The meeting was more informative and decisions had been made by the staff team prior to the meeting. Feedback and participation was welcomed however it was in a manner in which it could be controlled so as a staff team we could make informed decisions.

Channel of Distribution in Feasib

When a pet dies people do not know what to do with their remains, some choose to bury in the garden of the house, others choose to take them to a crematorium, others leave them in charge to the vet, and others unfortunately opt for the dump. But a little-known alternative, which allows for a more worthy use the remains of pets, besides being able to visit when you want, is to bury his remains in a pet cemetery. The main idea of the CePETery is that owners of pets, once they have buried their remains, to visit them in a calm and full of vegetation, and have a moment of reflection with their deceased pets. As for the CePETery, we offer to bury pets in graves containing small stones, where owners can let their pet’s dead flowers and souvenirs, and even put some pictures. To satisfy our customers, in addition to the funeral service, we could offer additional free services such as the funeral service, which includes the collection of debris and then a little farewell ceremony, and also provide free coffin of some memories. Also, in addition to our burial service, we could also offer the service of cremation, where after it; the owners handed over the ashes of pets in a wooden box. The burial service we will offer could range from a basic particular pit containing a small tombstone with the engraved name of the mascot, even more complex mass involving large stones where only the name of the pet, you can record any additional message . As we might accept pets in the CePETery, dogs and cats, could accommodate other types of pets such as rabbits, turtles, birds, hamsters, fish, etc. As for the charge for our service, the usual in this type of business is that the payment is annual, i. e. to be paid an annual rent for the pit and the maintenance needed. Finely, in terms of marketing, we could create a web page to advertise our business via the Internet; another alternative would be to make some agreement with veterinary, veterinary clinic, pet shop, and pet owners. For example, one where they receive a percentage of sales, and for every customer you refer each.

Legal and Ethical Issues that Students Should Understand

Legal and Ethical Issues that Students Should Understand Introduction Business experts have constantly criticized the inability of colleges to address the ever increasing gap of what the market needs and what is actually taught in business schools.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Legal and Ethical Issues that Students Should Understand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, in a period of ethical lapses, moral and values uncertainty, selfishness of the free market economy and scandals connected to greed and unethical behaviors in organizations, business schools, as the main source of future businesspeople, are additionally blamed for much of the unethical behaviors in the market place. For this reason, business schools are under pressure to cultivate a strong sense of socially responsible management among their graduates and reconsider their position as a moral force in shaping future businesspeople with the capability of making ethical decisions (Baucus, Caryn, 2005). The rising interest in the conduct of business students has been the subject of various studies. Indeed, recent research in this area established that the probability of business students engaging in academic dishonesty was higher than that of their non-business peers. An example of this is a survey featuring over 15,000 students which showed that business students formed the bulk of those who cheated to attain higher grades (Light, 2008). Additionally, studies have proved that most business students believe that they require unethical behavior for them to be able to effectively bring to completion their degrees. Ideally, the beliefs and values of most students are affected by the environmental background in which they grow up. Indeed, various countries and geographic regions and companies, develop different ethical values, principles, norms and individual moral orientations. An example of this can be found in the words of Light (2008) who in a study established that Americans responded to bribery cases in a more ethical manner than their counterparts from Greece.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Business Ethics In this paper, ethics will be defined as the principles and values that determine satisfactory conduct in business organizations. Customers, competitors, government regulations, interest parties, and the society, as well as the moral principles and values of each individual determine the acceptability of behavior in business. An example of this can be seen from the example of Enron, which became one of the largest ethical disasters in the 21st century. Two previous CEOs of Enron, Ken Lay and Jeff Skilling, were found guilty on all charges of colluding to hide the company’s financial situation (Ronald, Johannes, 2003). While determining the case, the presiding judge said the defendants could be found guil ty of consciously avoiding knowing about unlawful activity at the organization. Many other senior managers including Andy Fastow, the Chief Financial Officer of the organization were found guilty of misbehavior and are currently doing time in prison. Ideally, the collapse of Enron took many layers of management pushing the buttons and contentment on the part of employees who saw mistakes being committed but chose to do nothing about it (Ronald, Johannes, 2003). Indeed, Enron is not alone when it comes to condoning unethical behavior in organizations. Most unethical actions within organizations are propped up by an organizational culture that encourages employees to twist the rules (Ronald, Johannes, 2003). Recognizing Ethical Issues in Business â€Å" Learning to identify ethical issues is one of the most crucial steps in comprehending business ethics. An ethical issue according to Ronald Johannes, (2003) is a problem, situation, or opportunity that is identifiable and calls for someone to choose from among various actions that may be interpreted as right or wrong, ethical or unethical. In business, such a choice usually entails weighing monetary profit in opposition to what an individual considers appropriate conduct.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Legal and Ethical Issues that Students Should Understand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The best way to evaluate the ethics of a decision is to examine a situation from the perspective of a customer or competitor. Some of the pertinent issues where the question of ethics might arise are: Should liquid-diet manufacturers make uncorroborated claims regarding their products? Should an engineer agree to divulge her previous employer’s trade secrets to guarantee that she lands a better job with a competitor? Should a salesperson leave out facts about a products poor safety record in his demonstration to a customer? Such questions necessitate the decision maker to weigh up the ethics of his or her choice (Ronald, Johannes, 2003). Many business issues may appear straightforward and easy to determine on the surface, but in actuality they are very complicated. A person usually needs several years experience in business to comprehend what is ethical or adequate and that is why business students should endeavor to learn the laws governing business when they are still in school. For example, if one is a salesperson, when does giving out a ‘gift’ – such as season football tickets – to a client become a kickback rather than just a sales observation? As it is, there are no clear and easy answers to such a question. However, the dimension of the deal, the history of personal relationships within the organization in question, as well as a host of many other factors may establish if others will judge the matter as acceptable. Companies across the United States are starting to prohibit access t o Internet-video services at the workplace. At issue is the theft of time by employees who utilize You Tube and MySpace for two hours on average each workday (Light, 2008). Another issue is the use of company resources to give individual internet admission. In order to understand some of the ethical issues that students should expect to encounter in the future, this research paper will deal with some of them in this section. Ethical issues are more complicated now than in the past. The immense number of news-format investigative programs has heightened consumer and employee awareness of managerial misbehavior.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On top of this, the large amount of pay TV and internet resources has improved the awareness of ethical problems in the society. A survey carried out by Light (2008) involving more than 3,400 U.S. employees concluded that workers witness numerous instances of ethical misconduct in their organizations. (Light, 2008). The most common types of identified misconduct in the private sector were putting one’s own interests ahead of that of the organization, abusive behavior, and peddling falsehood to employees. One of the main causes of unethical behavior in organizations is excessively aggressive fiscal or business objectives. Majority of these issues have to do with decisions that business executives handle on day-to-day basis. Ideally, it is not possible to discuss every ethical issue that rises in the business place. However, discussing a few of them can help students to realize some of the ethical problems that they will have to deal with in their future workplace. Majority of the ethical issues in business can be classified in the context of their relation with offensive and menacing behavior, conflicts of interest, fairness and truthfulness, communications, and business dealings (Light, 2008). Abusive or intimidating behavior is classified as one of the most ethical issues that employees have to deal with in the workplace. These concepts can refer to anything from physical threats, false allegations, being irritating, using swear words, verbal abuse, shouting, cruelty, to perverseness, and the meaning of these words can differ from one person to another. Abusive behavior can be placed on a scale from minor disturbance to an interruption of the workplace. For example, what one person may term as shouting might be the manner of normal speech for another person. Courtesy in our culture is a concern, and the workplace is no exception. The productivity level of most organizations has been reduced by the time spent unraveling insulting relationships (Light, 2 008). Abusive behavior is hard to manage and judge due to cultural diversity and lifestyle. What does it mean to act in a profane manner? The question that one should ask themselves is if profanity is only related to specific terms or other related phrases that are commonly used in today’s business world. If one is using words that are normal in his language but others consider them to be abusive, does this constitute to unethical behavior? Within the concept of abusive language, intent should be a concern. If the employee was trying to express a compliment but the comment was construed as abusive, then it was most likely a mistake. What students should understand is that the way they will frame their words (word intonation) while dealing with clients in their future workplace will be important (Baucus, Caryn, 2005). Another ethical/legal aspect that is most likely to crop up in the workplace is that of bullying. Bullying is linked to a hostile workplace when an individual o r group is targeted and is threatened, disparaged, orally abused, or overly censured. Bullying may give rise to what some consider a hostile environment, a term commonly linked to sexual harassment. Although sexual harassment has legal redress, bullying has little or no legal recourse at the present. Bullying is a widespread problem in America and can give rise to psychological damage that can as a result give rise to health endangering consequences to the victim. According to a study conducted by Baucus Caryn (2005), 34 percent of U.S. workers which is close to 54 million Americans have been bullied at one time and 12 percent of workers have witnessed cases of bullying. Although bullying might not have a legal recourse, employees should be wary of practicing it since it might be misconstrued as sexual harassment which definitely has legal redress. Conflict of Interest Conflict of interest which is one of the most prevalent ethical issue identified by employees, comes to be when a person must decide whether to advance his or her own individual interests or those of others. For example, a manager in an organization is required to make sure that the company makes profits so that the stakeholders receive value on their investment. Simply put, the manager’s first responsibility is to the investors. If the manager instead makes decisions that make him/her to accumulate more power or money without advancing the cause of the company, then that manager has a conflict of interest meaning that he is acting to build himself at the expense of the organization and is not carrying out his responsibilities as an employee. In order to avoid conflicts of interest, employees should be able to detach their personal financial interests with that of the organization (David, Max, 1996). As discussed earlier in this paper, it is regarded as improper to give or receive bribes, payments, gifts, or special favors with the intention of swaying the outcome of a decision. A bribe is considered a conflict of interest because it benefits an individual at the cost of an organization or community. Companies that conduct business overseas should understand that bribes are a significant ethical issue and are in fact not allowed in many countries. An example can be seen from a case where three former executives of IBM Korea were jailed in Seoul after they were convicted of bribing business associates to win orders for computer parts (Light, 2008). While bribery is a serious concern in many countries, it is more rampant in some countries than in others (Kellerman, 2004). Fairness and Honesty Fairness and honesty are core business ethics and relay the general values of decision makers. At a minimum, business persons are expected to adhere to all set laws and policies. However, above obeying the law, employees are expected not to cause harm to customers, employees, clients, or even competitors intentionally through fraud, distortion, compulsion, or prejudice. Honesty and fairness can be linked to how the employees utilize the organization resources. A survey carried out in the U.S. showed that more than two thirds of workers have taken office supplies at one time to use in their individual needs (David, Max, 1996). In the same survey, 97 percent of the employees said that they did not consider taking office supplies for their personal use as something dishonest. Additionally, the same survey showed that 3.7 percent have taken items like keyboards, software and memory sticks. Regardless of this, an employee should be aware of policies regarding taking items and recognize how these decisions relate to ethical behavior (Krawiec, 2000). One characteristic of fairness relates to competition. Although many laws have been formulated to promote competition and make monopolistic practices illegal, companies sometimes acquire control over markets by applying questionable practices that harm competition. Bullying can also take place between companies tha t are strong contenders. Even respected companies such as Intel have at one time been accused of monopolistic bullying. A competitor, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), claimed in a court case that 38 companies including Dell and Sony were strong-arming potential customers into buying Intel chips except those marketed by AMD. In the case, AMD is seeking billions of dollars in a lawsuit that might take years to take legal action (Kellerman, 2004). Conclusion An ethical issue is an identifiable problem, situation, or opportunity that calls for an individual or company to select from among several actions that have to be weighed up as right or wrong. Ethical issues can be classified in the context of their association with conflicts of interest, fairness and honesty, communication, and business dealings. Businesses can cultivate ethical behavior by workers by reducing their prospect of engaging in misconduct. Formal codes of ethics, ethical policies, and ethics training forums lessen the fr equency of unethical behavior by notifying employees what is expected of them and punishing those who fail to obey. References Baucus, M. Caryn, L. (2005). Designing Ethical Organizations: Avoiding the Long-Term Negative Effects of Rewards and Punishments. Journal of Business Ethics 56 (4), 355. David, M. Max, H. (1996). Ethical Leadership and the Psychology of Decision Making. MIT Sloan Management Review 37(2), 76. Kellerman, B. (2004). Bad Leadership: What It Is, How It Happens, Why It Matters. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Krawiec, K. (2000). Accounting for Greed: Unraveling the Rogue Trader Mystery. Oregon Law Review 79 (2), 309-10. Light, P. (2008). How Americans View Charities: A Report on Charitable Confidence. Washington: Brookings Institution. Ronald, R. Johannes, B. (2003). Enron Ethics (Or Culture Matters More Than Codes). Journal of Business Ethics 45 (3), 243 – 252.

Honor the Brave With Happy Veterans Day Quotes

Honor the Brave With Happy Veterans Day Quotes Veterans of combat have hurled grenades and bombs and shot bullets. Theyve defended their brothers in arms and sometimes watched them fall to the firepower of the enemy. They have gone onto the battlefield, in fighter planes and bombers, on ships and submarines prepared to give the last full measure of devotion. They deserve that same devotion from a grateful nation every day, but one day Veterans Day is set aside especially to show that appreciation.Some of these famous Veterans Day quotes will bring a tear to your eyes. Cherish these words of inspiration  and if you know a veteran, let him or her know how much you appreciate their devotion to their country. Veterans Day Quotes Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address ... We cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. Patrick HenryThe battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Napoleon BonaparteVictory belongs to the most persevering. Thomas JeffersonFrom time to time, the tree of liberty must be watered with the blood of tyrants and patriots. John F. KennedyA young man who does not have what it takes to perform military service is not likely to have what it takes to make a living. George S. PattonThe object of war is not to die for your country but to make the other bastard die for his. George WashingtonThe willingness with which our young people are likely to serve in any war, no matter how justified, shall be directly proportional to how they perceive veterans of early wars were treated and appreciated by our nation. Mark TwainIn the beginning of a change, the patriot is a scarce man, and brave, and hated and scorned. When his cause succeeds, the timid join him, for then it costs nothing to be a patriot. Sidney Sheldon My heroes are those who risk their lives every day to protect our world and make it a better place police, firefighters and members of our armed forces. Jose NaroskyIn war, there are no unwounded soldiers. Sun Tzu Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the deepest valleys. Look on them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you even unto death! Cynthia OzickWe often take for granted the very things that most deserve our gratitude. Dwight D. EisenhowerNeither a wise man nor a brave man lies down on the tracks of history to wait for the train of the future to run over him. ThucydidesThe secret of happiness is freedom, and the secret of freedom, courage. G. K. ChestertonCourage is almost a contradiction in terms. It means a strong desire to live taking the form of readiness to die. Michel de MontaigneValor is stability, not of legs and arms, but of courage and the soul. Kevin Hearne, TrickedAs any war veteran will tell you, there is a vast difference between preparing for battle and actually facing battle for the first time. Bernard MalamudWithout heroes, we are all plain people and dont know how far we can go. Carol Lynn PearsonHeroes take journeys, confront dragons and discover the treasure of their true selves. James A. AutryI believe it is the nature of people to be heroes, given the chance. Benjamin DisraeliNurture your minds with great thoughts; to believe in the heroic makes heroes.

Ethical Leadership and Decision Making Research Paper

Ethical Leadership and Decision Making - Research Paper Example Moreover, based on the accepted fact that success is not the final outcome of every attempt, it is the leader who ensures rescuing people from de-motivation rising from failure that most stands apart from the rest. The report herein develops an assessment of a leader that has served as a mentor to give meaning and understanding of effective leadership.   During work experience in the Army, Major General (Ret.) Charles McCartney’s the leadership style influenced me greatly. McCartney well understood the privilege of leadership being responsibility with visionary collaboration and teamwork to gain an overall level of success. Thereby, this report develops an assessment on Major General (Ret.) Charles McCartney’s various dimensions of leadership and will provide the review of the fact that successful leadership assumes all capabilities to lead its people to succeed as a combined goal. Management science has undertaken the considerable assessment of the leaders from vario us dimensions; for instance Behavioral factors, Transformational, Situational, Trait, Charisma along with the power and influence etc. Moreover, it is based on the early assumption that leaders are born and not made; however, contemporary theories assert that effective leader offers apart from direction to success also offer great learning opportunities (Browne & Keeley, 2012). These learning opportunities are presented as two types of leaders as mentioned below: (Northouse, 2007) Hence, leadership can be learned as well. In this, one can see that trait, skills and values from McCartney’s style offer the reader a great chance to learn. The distinctive formats of the transformational or transactional leadership complimented with the power available to a given leader all work to facilitate the outcome from the leader. Broadly, leaders that are ultimately effective in leadership have to account for an optimum mix of three main factors (Barton, Grant, & Horn, 2012): Decision maki ng styles mix Day to day behavior Transformational and transactional leadership style It is worthy of mention, due to the fact that each dimension mentioned above has its own variation to offer and effective leaders formulate the mix of each dimension’s offering suiting to the need of the situation and in the overall best interest of follower; though this may not be suiting to the need of the certain people. Hence, the effective leadership is also one to constantly learn and evolve from the challenges with the passion for success by adapting to the need for an hour.   For assessing Major General (Ret.) Charles McCartney with respect to his alignment with the leadership’s dimension, the below roadmap will offer an effective guide in understanding such nuances: (Colquitt, Lepine, & Wesson, 2012)  Ã‚  Decision Making Styles Leader’s decisions ultimately decide the fate of the follower. Moreover, the fact that makes the decision making more crucial for the leade rs, especially in a critical situation where chances of loss equally exist, comes to even more prominence.  Ã‚  

Social Service Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Service Work - Essay Example One type of work that is associated with the field of serving aged people is conducting educational programs for the elders. Such kind of programs helps the elderly people to be interested in motivating themselves and to be up to date with the current trends in the society. Most often, their education is overlooked by the society and no such programs are conducted. These workers help them by conducting programs of knowledge sharing and make them believe they have many more steps to walk in their life. One example program of educating the old people is teaching them about internet. Many of the older generations are unaware of the importance of internet in their day to day life. Teaching them about internet and its usage would help them to get their required information easily and help them spend their time leisurely. Another program that could be used as part of learning is educating the elders about the social networking sites. This would greatly help them to keep in touch with their closed ones and to interact more with the society, right from their home. There are several other opportunities similar to education programs like counseling, health care, law issues etc.

Sexual Orientation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexual Orientation - Essay Example The legal rights of homosexual couples is often the first subject touched upon in the argument for the legalization of gay marriage. The Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution declares that states are prohibited from altering the privileges and rights of American citizens, including marriage (Walzer 56). When individual states attempt to make gay marriage illegal, they go against this amendment; these states deny rights based on sexual orientation, which is prohibited by the Constitution. As such, many states have offered homosexual couples the opportunity to join in civil unions, legal bindings that are similar to marriage, though they often do not come with the same perks, such as adoption or aspects pertaining to financial security. According to people that are against gay marriage, the institution of marriage can only be between a man and a woman. Most people back this up with religions and biblical scriptures, claiming that it simply is not right for a same-sex c ouple to be romantically involved with each other (Fejes 217). Due to this, it is considered to be a sin for a homosexual couple to exist, let alone for the couple to become married.

Mechanical Barriers to Communication

Mechanical Barriers to Communication Any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person information about that persons needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional; it may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or non-linguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes. Organisations cannot operate without communication. Communication can take various forms but all forms involve the transfer of information from one party to the other. In order for the transfer of information to qualify as communication, the recipient must understand the meaning of the information transferred to them. If the recipient does not understand the meaning of the information conveyed to them, communication has not taken place. Communication is the life source of organisations because organisations involve people. People cannot interact with each other without communication. In the absence of communication, everything would grind to a halt. For example; the workers in an organisation would not know the organisations objectives so they would not strive to achieve the organisations objectives. The workers in an organisation would not know what their roles and responsibilities were, so they would not be able to carry out their daily tasks and duties. The managers would not be able to train their workers reports so the workers would not possess the skills they needed to carry out their jobs. The managers would not be able to inform workers of changes The organisation would not be aware of their competitors activities On the whole people are able to communicate with each other as this is a basic human function. However successful organisations strive not only for communication but effective communication. Interpersonal Communication This is defined as communication between two or more people and involves the transfer of information (or message) from one person to the other(s). The person transferring the information is called the sender or transmitter. The people receiving the message are known as receivers. The transmitter will need to send the information in a format that the receiver(s) will understand. Converting the information into a format that the receivers will understand is known as Encoding. Messages can be encoded into a variety of formats oral, written or visual. After encoding the message is transferred via a medium called a channel, for example a letter, fax, phone call, or e-mail. After transference the information will need to be interpreted by the receiver. This process of interpretation is known as decoding. Finally the receiver will send a message back to the transmitter confirming whether the information sent has been understood. This back check is known as feedback. The communication process involves seven key elements as illustrated in the diagram below. Why you need to get your message across Effective communication is all about conveying your messages to other people clearly and unambiguously. Its also about receiving information that others are sending to you, with as little distortion as possible. Doing this involves effort from both the sender of the message and the receiver. And its a process that can be fraught with error, with messages muddled by the sender, or misinterpreted by the recipient. When this isnt detected, it can cause tremendous confusion, wasted effort and missed opportunity. In fact, communication is only successful when both the sender and the receiver understand the same information as a result of the communication. By successfully getting your message across, you convey your thoughts and ideas effectively. When not successful, the thoughts and ideas that you actually send do not necessarily reflect what you think, causing a communications breakdown and creating roadblocks that stand in the way of your goals both personally and professionally. In a recent survey of recruiters from companies with more than 50,000 employees, communication skills were cited as the single more important decisive factor in choosing managers. The survey, conducted by the University of Pittsburghs Katz Business School, points out that communication skills, including written and oral presentations, as well as an ability to work with others, are the main factor contributing to job success. In spite of the increasing importance placed on communication skills, many individuals continue to struggle, unable to communicate their thoughts and ideas effectively whether in verbal or written format. This inability makes it nearly impossible for them to compete effectively in the workplace, and stands in the way of career progression. Being able to communicate effectively is therefore essential if you want to build a successful career. To do this, you must understand what your message is, what audience you are sending it to, and how it will be perceived. You must also weigh-in the circumstances surrounding your communications, such as situational and cultural context. The Communications Process To be an effective communicator and to get your point across without misunderstanding and confusion, your goal should be to lessen the frequency of problems at each stage of this process, with clear, concise, accurate, well-planned communications. We follow the process through below: Source As the source of the message, you need to be clear about why youre communicating, and what you want to communicate. You also need to be confident that the information youre communicating is useful and accurate. Message The message is the information that you want to communicate. Encoding This is the process of transferring the information you want to communicate into a form that can be sent and correctly decoded at the other end. Your success in encoding depends partly on your ability to convey information clearly and simply, but also on your ability to anticipate and eliminate sources of confusion (for example, cultural issues, mistaken assumptions, and missing information.) A key part of this knows your audience: Failure to understand who you are communicating with will result in delivering messages that are misunderstood. Channel Messages are conveyed through channels, with verbal channels including face-to-face meetings, telephone and videoconferencing; and written channels including letters, emails, memos and reports. Different channels have different strengths and weaknesses. For example, its not particularly effective to give a long list of directions verbally, while youll quickly cause problems if you give someone negative feedback using email. Decoding Just as successful encoding is a skill, so is successful decoding (involving, for example, taking the time to read a message carefully, or listen actively to it.) Just as confusion can arise from errors in encoding, it can also arise from decoding errors. This is particularly the case if the decoder doesnt have enough knowledge to understand the message. Receiver Your message is delivered to individual members of your audience. No doubt, you have in mind the actions or reactions you hope your message will get from this audience. Keep in mind, though, that each of these individuals enters into the communication process with ideas and feelings that will undoubtedly influence their understanding of your message, and their response. To be a successful communicator, you should consider these before delivering your message, and act appropriately. Feedback Your audience will provide you with feedback, as verbal and nonverbal reactions to your communicated message. Pay close attention to this feedback, as it is the only thing that can give you confidence that your audience has understood your message. If you find that there has been a misunderstanding, at least you have the opportunity to send the message a second time. Context The situation in which your message is delivered is the context. This may include the surrounding environment or broader culture (corporate culture, international cultures, and so on). Barriers of Communication 1. Physical barriers Physical barriers in the workplace include: Marked out territories, empires and fiefdoms into which strangers are not allowed Closed office doors, barrier screens, separate areas for people of different status Large working areas or working in one unit that is physically separate from others. Research shows that one of the most important factors in building cohesive teams is proximity. As long as people still have a personal space that they can call their own, nearness to others aids communication because it helps us get to know one another. 2. Perceptual barriers The problem with communicating with others is that we all see the world differently. If we didnt, we would have no need to communicate: something like extrasensory perception would take its place. The following anecdote is a reminder of how our thoughts, assumptions and perceptions shape our own realities: A traveller was walking down a road when he met a man from the next town. Excuse me, he said. I am hoping to stay in the next town tonight. Can you tell me what the townspeople are like? Well, said the townsman, how did you find the people in the last town you visited? Oh, they were an irascible bunch. Kept to themselves. Took me for a fool. Over-charged me for what I got. Gave me very poor service. Well, then, said the townsman, youll find them pretty much the same  here. 3. Emotional barriers One of the chief barriers to open and free communications is the emotional barrier. It is comprised mainly of fear, mistrust and suspicion. The roots of our emotional mistrust of others lie in our childhood and infancy when we were taught to be careful what we said to others. Mind your Ps and Qs; Dont speak until youre spoken to; Children should be seen and not heard. As a result many people hold back from communicating their thoughts and feelings to others. They feel vulnerable. While some caution may be wise in certain relationships, excessive fear of what others might think of us can stunt our development as effective communicators and our ability to form meaningful relationships. 4. Cultural barriers When we join a group and wish to remain in it, sooner or later we need to adopt the behaviour patterns of the group. These are the behaviours that the group accept as signs of belonging. The group rewards such behaviour through acts of recognition, approval and inclusion. In groups which are happy to accept you, and where you are happy to conform, there is a mutuality of interest and a high level of win-win contact. Where, however, there are barriers to your membership of a group, a high level of game-playing replaces good communication. 5. Language barriers Language that describes what we want to say in our terms may present barriers to others who are not familiar with our expressions, buzz-words and jargon. When we couch our communication in such language, it is a way of excluding others. In a global market place the greatest compliment we can pay another person is to talk in their language. One of the more chilling memories of the Cold War was the threat by the Soviet leader Nikita Khruschev saying to the Americans at the United Nations: We will bury you! This was taken to mean a threat of nuclear annihilation. However, a more accurate reading of Khruschevs words would have been: We will overtake you! meaning economic superiority. It was not just the language, but the fear and suspicion that the West had of the Soviet Union that led to the more alarmist and sinister interpretation. 6. Gender barriers There are distinct differences between the speech patterns in a man and those in a woman. A woman speaks between 22,000 and 25,000 words a day whereas a man speaks between 7,000 and 10,000. In childhood, girls speak earlier than boys and at the age of three, have a vocabulary twice that of boys. The reason for this lies in the wiring of a mans and womans brains. When a man talks, his speech is located in the left side of the brain but in no specific area. When a woman talks, the speech is located in both hemispheres and in two specific locations. This means that a man talks in a linear, logical and compartmentalised way, features of left-brain thinking; whereas a woman talks more freely mixing logic and emotion, features of both sides of the brain. It also explains why women talk for much longer than men each day. Removing Barriers at All These Stages To deliver your messages effectively, you must commit to breaking down the barriers that exist within each of these stages of the communication process. Lets begin with the message itself. If your message is too lengthy, disorganized, or contains errors, you can expect the message to be misunderstood and misinterpreted. Use of poor verbal and body language can also confuse the message. Barriers in context tend to stem from senders offering too much information too fast. When in doubt here, less is oftentimes more. It is best to be mindful of the demands on other peoples time, especially in todays ultra-busy society. Once you understand this, you need to work to understand your audiences culture, making sure you can converse and deliver your message to people of different backgrounds and cultures within your own organization, in your country and even abroad. Barrier refers to something non physical that keeps apart or prevents activity, movement so on. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ Types of Barriers Physical mechanical barriers Language or Semantic barriers Socio-psychological barriers Organisational barriers Personal barriers 1- Physical Mechanical Barriers Noise It is the disruption or interference in communication process anywhere along the way. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ Noise though of varying degree, disturbs or interferes with communication. Whatever that distracts the receivers attention causes communication breakdown. Noise can be physical psychological. Physical distractions or disturbances such as loud speakers, gossip etc., draw the attention of the receiver. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ Psychological noise is related to mental disturbances like ego clash, pre occupied thoughts, hang over, anxiety. DISTANCE Long distances between the sender the receivers can also obstruct effective communication TIME Time refers to the reaching of message. If an important message reaches late it is sure to affect communication. INFORMATION OVERLOAD It refers to excessive transmission of information. Much more information than what the receiver can process is transmitted to him/her. The receiver can ·t understand , digest, analyze act upon information overload that is beyond mental capacity. MECHANICAL BARRIERS Outdated machines equipment may produce excessive noise leading to physical barriers in communication. Distraction like background noise, poor lighting., affect the morale of the employees also obstruct effective communication. 2- SEMANTIC OR LANGUAGE BARRIER UNCLEAR MESSAGE Lack of clarity in message makes it badly expressed. poorly chosen empty word , phrases, inadequate vocabulary, failure to clarify implications etc., are some common faults found. FAULTY TRANSLATION The message that every manager receives from his superiors, peers, subordinates must be translated into language suitable for the respective person( for whom the information is destined). SPECIALISTS LANGUAGE It is often found that technical personnel special groups tend to develop a special, peculiar technical language of their own. It hinders their communication with persons not in their specialty, because of the receivers ignorance of that type of language. 3- SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION Perceptual barriers may arise due to differences between individuals in the way they perceive, organize understand their environment. DIFFERENCES IN ATTITUDE People differ with regard to attitudes opinions which often interfere with communication. If the message is consistent with our attitudes opinions we receive it favorably. INATTENTION Communication has no impact on those who are unable or unwilling to listen. If people do not pay the required degree of attention to listening understanding the messages they are supposed to receive. PREMATURE EVALUATION Some people form a judgment before receiving the complete message. Such premature evaluation prevents effective communication. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ RESISTANCE TO CHANGE when new ideas are being communicated, the listening apparatus may act as a filter in rejecting new ideas. Thus resistance to change is an important obstacle to effective communication. CULTURAL DIFFERENCE Cultural refers to values, beliefs, norms, attitudes perceptions of people of different nations or regions. Symbols, words, colors, gestures, language must be carefully selected when senders of information are dealing with people of different nations regions. 4- ORGANISATIONAL BARRIERS STATUS RELATIONSHIP ONE WAY FLOW ORGANISATION STRUCTURE RULES REGULATIONS 5- PERSONAL BARRIERS ATTITUDE OF SUPERIOR- the attitude of superiors towards communication affects the flow of messages in different directions. LACK OF CONFIDENCE IN SUBORDINATES LACK OF TIME MESSAGE OVERLOAD Barriers to effective Communication (leaky bucket) At each stage in the process encoding, transference, and decoding there is the possibility of interference which may hinder the communication process. This interference is known as noise. Often a comparison is made between communication and a leaky bucket. If you use a leaky bucket to carry water, water will be lost at various points in your journey from the water tap to your destination. It is not possible to stop losing water because the bucket contains holes. The amount of water you will lose will be determined by the number of holes in the bucket, the size of the holes, the route you take to your final destination and length of time it takes you to get to your destination. There may also be other events that occur during your journey which increase the amount of water lost. Similarly when information is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver not all of the information may be received by the receiver because of holes called noise. Each of the noise may be affect the amou nt of information transferred. Just as in a leaky bucket, more holes decrease the amount of water, more noise decreases the amount of correct information received. Language issues and Cultural Differences The receiver(s) may not (fully) understand the language used by the transmitter. This may occur if the transmitters language is foreign to the receiver. There may also be language problems (that the communication process) if the message contains technical information and the receivers is not familiar with the technical terms used. Cultural differences created by an individuals background and experience affect their perception of the world. Such cultural differences may affect the interpretation (decoding) of the message sent. Environmental issues If the environment that the transmitter or receiver are in, is noisy and full of sound, the sounds may prevent the message being fully understood. Background noise is often created by colleagues or machinery. Channel issues If the channel used to transfer the information is poor it may prevent all or some of the information being transferred. Examples include a faulty fax machine, a crackling phone, handwriting that cannot be read or in the case of oral messages incorrect facial gestures. Receivers Attitude and behavior If the receiver(s) is not interested in the message (or unable to give their full attention to decoding) this may reduce the amount of information received or the accuracy of the information transmitted to them. Similarly the receiver(s) may misinterpret the message by jumping to conclusions or reading the message in a manner that suits their own interests/objectives and distort the true meaning of the message. Transmission journey i.e. steps in the message, If the message is complicated or there are lots of steps taken to transfer the message it may affect the accuracy or interpretation. Comparing with the leaky bucket if the leaky bucket has to carry water over a longer distance more water will probably lost than if the journey was shorter. Internal / Organisational Communication This is communication that takes place within (or across) an organisation. In addition to the usual face to face, telephone, fax or mail; modern organisations may use technology to communicate internally. Technology may be used for e-mails or a linked internal communication system such as the intranet which is an internet system designed solely for use by those working for the organisation. External Communications Conversely external communication is communication between the organisation and those outside the organisation. Modern organisations may design technological systems so that they can communicate with customers and undertake e-Commerce. Alternatively they communicate with other businesses through the internet or similar systems and undertake e-Business. Functions of Internal and External Communications Technology has rapidly expanded the types of internal and external communication available to organisations. The diagram illustrates the vast array of internal and external communication available. Combined together internal and external types of communications allow various sectors of the local, national and international community to interact, liaise and conduct business. Formal and Informal Communications Formal communication is defined as communication which occurs through the official organisational channels or is undertaken by an employee to do their job. For example official meetings, letters and a manager asking an employee to carry out a particular task. Conversely informal communication is that which occurs outside the recognised communication networks such as talking in the lunchroom or hallways between employees. Informal communication can be productive or negative. It has the potential to build teams, improve working relationships and generate ideas as employees are in a relaxed environment. Upward and Downward Communications Downward communication is communication created by directors and managers and passed down the hierarchy of workers in the organisation. In traditional organisations this is the preferred method of communication ie Managers decide what the systems, rules and procedures will be and then they pass these down to employees they manage and supervise. Downward Communication can increase efficiency by synchronising organisational procedures and can ensure that everybody is working towards the same overall aims and objectives. Types of downward communication include job descriptions, appraisals/evaluations, organisational policy, and organisational systems. Although there are advantages to downward communication organisations have began to encourage upward communication. This is communication which originates at the lower level of the employment hierarchy and is then communicated up through the line. Organisations encouraging upward communication believe that everybody is capable of generating thoughts and ideas which may help the organisation to progress, particularly when they are working closely in the area that the idea applies to. Upward communication may increase motivation and make employees feel valued and respected whilst enabling managers to understand how employees are feeling. Furthermore if problems occur at they are more likely to be identified earlier by those working closely in the area that they occur. Types of upward communications include suggestion schemes, feedback forums/surveys, grievance procedures and employee-manager discussions. Lateral Communication This is communication that occurs between employees on the same level in the organisation. As this can involve decision making it can create efficiency as employees do not have to wait for managerial approval. On the other hand if the manager is not kept informed or if the manager fails to set boundaries there is potential for conflict. Diagonal Communication This occurs when communication occurs between workers in a different section of the organisation and where one of the workers involved is on a higher level in the organisation. For example in a bank diagonal communication will occur when a department manager in head office converses with a cashier in a branch of the bank based on the high street. TELECOMMUNICATIONS GLOSSARY Term Definition Telecommunication Communication between parties based in different locations by using a cable, telephone, broadcast or a telegraph. Networking Linking to or more computers together so that information and facilities can be shared. Computers in the same room may be linked together or the organisation may decide to link, computers in different parts of the world together. Local Area Network (LAN) Computers linked by a network without the use of telecommunications. Often the computers linked are based in the same location, group of buildings or site. Wide Area Network (WAN)    Computers linked by a network using telecommunications. Often the computers linked are based in different locations. Teleconferencing    Through the use of telecommunication devices such as video link participants based in different locations communicating is known as teleconferencing. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Computer networks used to exchange standard business transaction documents between organisations. QUESTION 3 How might a manager use the GRAPEVINE to his or her advantage? First of all the definition of grapevine is that it is the unofficial way that communication takes place within the organization. It is neither supported nor authorized by the organization. It can also be called gossip. As we know many gossips have no factual bases at all; most of them however do. A manager can use grapevine to his or her advantage if it is an organization where people are used to get their information from these sources. And of course it would be a lie to say that most of us dont gossip, or listen to them at least occasionally, especially if it involves us. Bad information spreads a lot faster than good news, so the information gets to employees real fast. It can happen by a word of mouth, or recently more frequently by electronic means. If an organization is based on honesty, these grapevine information can be a lot more accurate than in an organization that is based on an authoritative culture. Usually there is always some truth to it however. Rumours about major lay-offs, plant closings, and the like may be filled with accurate information regarding who will be affected and when it may occur. This truth component is what a manager can use to his or her benefit. Most employees know that if there is any kind of grapevine information circling in the company, whatever its about can be true. If a manager for example wants to influence employees to work harder, or put more effort into it, he or she can simply start a new gossip, or encourage an existing one about lay-offs that might involve their department. Im not saying this is a nice way to do this, but if nothing else works, why not. This is however not the sign of the good manager, because he or she should be able to use other methods of motivation. A good leader needs to be able to exert high level of effort from his or her employees by motivating them in different ways. Another way of looking grapevine information is its usefulness in supplementing formal information channels. It provides a way for employees to communicate their imaginations and inputs to a certain issue. If management is not really doing a good job with communicating with employees about what is going on in an organization, then grapevine can satisfy these natural needs for information. Grapevine is a healthy human desire to communicate. It is the informal communication channel within the organization. Managers have to acknowledge this fact, and try to use it to their own advantage. Managers interested in creating good communication within the organization will use grapevine as a mean to improve it. The real value of grapevine should be to management is that it reveals issues that generate from those whom interested in or effected by it. Managers can also participate in grapevine. They can be filters, who monitor the information and forward to upper management only the valuable and important components. Grapevine usually pops up during times of uncertain times; therefore management has to make sure that it is providing enough information about important issues. The longer the rumour goes around, the hardest it is to control, so management had to intervene quickly if it wants to avoid its damaging effects. The fact is that grapevine is exists within organizations, and they always have a truth component to them. Management therefore can use them to their own benefits, as a compliment to the official and formal channels of information. How to use the Grapevine effectively in business organizations? Grapevine is an informal channel of business communication. It is called so because it stretches throughout the organization in all directions irrespective of the authority levels. The management can use grapevine to supplement the formal channels of communication. Though it carries some degree of error and distortion, efforts can be made to correct it. Ignoring the grapevine is nothing but to ignore a valuable source of communication. The management can eliminate its negative consequences and, at the same time, it can nourish its positive benefits. The managers have to learn to manage and control it. 1. The management can open up all the channels of organizational communication to present the facts positively before the employees and ther