Prince Case Study Essay

Over the years Prince has proven themselves as an industry leader in tennis racquets and equipment that has transformed the game of tennis through their innovations. They have proven themselves as innovators through their development of the first synthetic gut string and many other things that have met the levels of all tennis players. As the world of tennis changes and the number of participants increases, Prince is once again faced with a challenge to reinvent themselves to meet the demands of 21st century tennis players. The growth in tennis participation results in a change in the market environment and requires Prince to think of new ways to stay ahead of competition. In the 21st century the presence of technology and social media are two major tools that can be used to Prince’s advantage. Prince’s first attempt to use technology in a new racket innovation was a failure. They released aracket with â€Å"O Port† holes that was supposed to improve racquet speed. â€Å"The idea was to differentiate itself from the marketplace, but it wasn’t necessarily what the market wanted† (Rovell, 2012). Knowing the market demand when releasing a new product is one of the most important details to ensure success. Another issue they faced in the release is they put all their faith into this new development and lost focus on the other products that made them who they are today. To reverse this mistake I feel it is the right time with the tennis market growing to release a new type of racquet. This must meet the demand of the new emerging market while still paying attention to their older market to continue growth without loosing consumers. They can achieve this by directly contacting consumers and seeing what they would like or feel they are missing in a tennis racquet. Another idea to steer away from their last racquet release would be developing three new racquets that meet the need of each group. I don’t think its possible to develop a racquet that caters to all strokes and levels. I feel that using new technological developments to design a racquet based upon the three different strokes would meet the needs of all levels of their market. Along with the growth of the tennis industry, Prince needs to continually  market themselves and the industry to influence consumers to invest in their products. To accomplish this Prince could host local tennis tournaments in cities to get people playing the sport. As a result this would link tennis directly to their brand which markets themselves and the sport all in one to maximize profitability and gain consumer awareness. To increase their market segment and reach a new audience to increase their market presence they could sponsor a school tennis team or donate racquets to a school to get kids into the sport at a young age. If the child enjoys the sport the odds are the parent will purchase their products from Prince which is a great way to get a younger audience into the sport and also use this as a social media opportunity. They could start an after school tennis program with school where they donate equipment and teach kids the sport while keeping them active and out of trouble. This could certainly result in many opportunities for social media and increase brand awareness through their donations. Parents are always looking for ways to keep their children active and out of trouble so this serves as a great opportunity to do so and once again allows them to diversify their market and give them a competitive edge. As Prince begins to grow their company in attempt to keep up with 21st century demands they will need a new way to market and promote themselves to keep ahead of competition. One way to do this is hosting a sponsorship for players that can be promoted through social media such as twitter and Facebook. It is important for Prince to reach a younger audience and their large presence on social networks makes it important for them to gain as much presence through social media as possible. Each market segment has a different way to be reached so it is important for Prince to understand each of those markets and then decide how they will promote themselves according to their demands. The large number of distribution channels within Prince poses challenges but also holds many opportunities for growth. One of the most important distribution channel is mass merchants such as Wal-Mart. It is important that their presence within mass merchants is well received and this can be done by setting up specific displays to promote their product in which the general consumer of these stores will relate to. The way a product is promoted in Wal-Mart may be very different than the way its promoted in a specialty store. I feel that smaller store displays should be centered around the sponsored player linked to Prince. A store like Wal-Mart should have the display accessible and visible amongst the many products within the store. Wal-Mart is also known for their low prices so Prince should have a presence in the catalog and advertise discounts on their products within the catalog and in the the store. Wal-Mart can carry the lower end racquets to allow this discount where as smaller shops can carry higher end racquets to cater to their audience. Understanding the audience of each distribution channel will allow Prince to properly promote and advertise their product within each store. Another area that Prince relies on to generate revenue is the global market. Global success is extremely important in having a competitive advantage and constantly needs to be improved to meet global market demands. Being that tennis is played all over the world their global presence is just as important as it is in the US. Latin America has a large presence with professional tennis players and due to this the sport is continually growing in this area. To enhance their global presence I feel it is important to sponsor players outside of the US to maintain their global presence. When a consumer sees a professional player from their country using a Prince racquet it will influence them to purchase it. Prince should use the origin of top players and target these markets. There is a great deal of pride that comes when someone reaches a level in sports from your home country. Prince can use this to their advantage and enhance their market presence in the countries of professional players. Prince continues to be one of the leading companies in the world of tennis. They strive to continue their name as a top innovator in the field and maintain their global market presence. With the current growth in tennis participation there is no better time to re market themselves to stay ahead of competition and developing trends. Their impressive track record with major inventions over the years have shaped the game of tennis and give them  a competitive advantage. To accomplish the results they are after they need to create a new development that caters to their extensive market and increase their presence among youth by expanding their social media presence. The company has all of the tools for success and if implemented correctly they can solidify their spot as the top manufacturer in the world of tennis. Rovell, D. (2012, August 28). Tennis Company Prince Eying a Comeback . Retrieved from http://espn.go.com/blog/playbook/dollars/post/_/id/1295/tennis-company-prince-eyeing-a-comeback Authentic brand group propels prince sports throughout the globe with key operating partners. (2012, August 16). Retrieved from http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/authentic-brands-group-propels-prince-sports-throughout-the-globe-with-key-operating-partners-166404106.html Glassel, L., & Skaly , N. (n.d.). Prince sports, inc. tennis racquets for every segment [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078028892/943336/transcript_vc_Prince_Sports.pdf Kerin, R., Hartley, S., & Rudelius, W. (2011). Marketing. (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill-Irwin

International Marketing Management Essay

According to Glossary of Marketing (2010, p. 1), self reference criterion refers to â€Å"the assumption that a product can successfully be sold abroad on the basis of its success in the home market. † cultural diversity is experienced in the global markets such that different people interact in the global markets. Marketers should recognize the fact that customers from different backgrounds have different cultural aspects. It is very important for marketers operating in the global markets to understand the cultural differences of their customers. Self reference criterion is an aspect which does not allow marketers to incorporate the culture of other people. As such, people believe that other people will accept their cultural believes and that there are no cultural conflicts between different cultural groups (Noth, Bishara, 2007). Businesses in the modern era are experiencing a lot of changes in terms of social, economic, technological, political and cultural aspects. Emerging trends in business indicate that cultural diversity is affecting many organizations since managers lack the ability to adopt strategies which match the cultural needs of their customers. Jackson, Loehr and Azman (n. d. ) explain that changes in technology have led to changes in economic conditions and organizations should come up with policies which reduce costs and maximize profits. There is need for managers operating in multicultural environments to develop proper policies to satisfy needs of customers located in different regions (Mueller, 2008). Obstacles to international marketing Decision making is a very important aspect in the organization and managers should attempt to integrate the needs of all stakeholders. Decisions which affect all stakeholders should be made by combing ideas from different people. Imposing decisions is a very dangerous activity that managers can engage in since people have different perceptions about how things should be done. Self reference criterion in decision making leads to conflicts in an organization since all stakeholders do not own the decisions made by the management. Communication is a very important factor to consider when making decisions since misunderstanding between people may lead to poor decisions being made. Diversity in culture requires people to understand the needs of each other and to create a link between all people involved in the activities of the organization. Different countries have different culture and marketers in the global scene need to understand the cultural aspects of the people they work with. The culture of the people determines their perception towards the products in the market and they will attach a particular image to a brand according to their cultural perspective. The brand image of a product is the perception that people have towards a certain product in the market. The marketing programs should aim at improving the brand image of a product in the market. Customers create meaning about a product depending on the general market perception of the product and managers should identify the specific cultural aspect of their customers in order to improve brand image. The culture of the consumers shapes the brand image of a product (Gupta, 2003). Self Reference Criterion impedes the ability to assess a foreign market Organizations working in global markets tend to incorporate cultures of different people. Foreign markets have different aspects from local markets and cultural diversity is an important aspect that managers operating in such environments need to note. In the modern business environment, global marketing has become a very important aspect since competition has intensified. Globalization has a great impact on the marketing strategies adopted by companies and managers must use modern technologies in their marketing process to maintain a high customer profile. International markets require integrating and understanding the cultural diversity of different customers in the global markets. The branding strategies of a company must integrate the cultural needs of the people in different countries. The marketing mix, that is, the price, product, promotion and the place must be aligned to the cultural diversity of the people involved in the global markets (Batra, V Ramaswamy, Alden, Steenkamp, and Ramachander, 2000). Managers tend to use their cultural concepts when solving problems at a multicultural environment. This creates misunderstanding especially when solutions do problems to not favor some cultural groups. Culture is defined as the set of believes, values, attitudes and behavior that people in a given region share in common. People tend to use their own experiences in life to interpret things. Culture is a strong factor which determines the decisions made by individuals. The purchasing behavior of the consumers will be shaped by the brand image of the product in the market. The marketing mix strategies will be determined by the purchasing habit of the consumers and hence; is a factor of cultural perception of the consumers in the market. To establish a competitive advantage in the market, the marketers need to identify the perception of the customers towards the products in the market. Culture determines the brand image since it affects the attitudes, behavior, and lifestyle of the customers. Satisfaction of the consumers depends on the experiences they have with the products and the emotional connectivity derived from the use of a variety of brands (Gupta, 2003). Possible impact of the SRC to marketing strategies in different cultures Self reference criterion causes poor communication between people in an organization. Communication is a process where people exchange understanding with each other. Communication is more efficient when the parties are able to understand each other. The sender of the message must encode the message in a manner that the receiver will be able to understand it. The receiver must decode the message to reveal the information contained in it. Misunderstandings occur when people fail to communicate effectively. Gupta (2003, pg 71) suggests that â€Å"culture works by generating a sequence of paraconscious vibrations in human life, which reverberate through the mental attitudes, psychological beliefs, physical behaviors and social breeding of individuals in the system. † Culture affects the overall marketing strategies of an organization; it influences product awareness, trial and repeat purchase by the consumers. It also affects the relationship and communication between the marketers and their customers. The customers select, scan, interpret, validate and prioritize the information they receive from the marketers. There is a positive relationship between the effectiveness of communication and the cultural understanding by the marketers in the survey conducted. The international marketing strategies require the management of global businesses match the cultural aspects of the societies they operate in with the brand image of their products (Jain, 1989). Ethnocentrism and self reference criterion The product features should match the culture of the consumers. Companies operating in the global markets should study the culture of their customers and design products which have cultural attachment. Prices in different markets will be determined by the culture of the customers. Some people believe that high prices represent good quality in products and as such, the marketers should provide suitable prices according to believe of the consumers. When the lifestyle of people changes, new products are demanded. Marketers with the ability to provide products which match new lifestyles charge high prices since they are able to satisfy the needs of a particular niche. Promotional strategies should be matched to the cultural needs of the consumers. Customers respond positively to adverts which capture their culture. The place element of a marketing model requires marketers to introduce their products at the right place. Since different countries have different cultures, marketers should not place certain products in places where the culture does not accept such products. For example, Muslims do not consume pork. A marketer who delivers such products to Muslim countries might not sell anything. When introducing products in a new market; marketers should collaborate will all stakeholders in the market to identify the best strategy to forecast the market demand for the new products (Lindgreen & Hingley, 2009). Cross cultural analysis International marketing refers to the trade of products in many countries. The marketers should research about the most viable markets before establishing their products in those markets. Strategic planning is required to establish the relevance of the marketing strategies to the cultural aspects of the international consumers. The international markets are composed of people with different cultures and this affects the strategies to be adopted by the marketers. Some companies operating in the international markets have failed in some countries due to poor cultural analysis of the consumers in the global market. Wal-Mart is a U. S. company which has opened stores in many countries. The company operates departmental stores and is ranked among the largest organizations of its kind in the country. The company established strategies to open stores in different countries to expand its operations. However, the strategy of opening subsidiaries in Germany, South Korea and other countries failed due to poor cultural analysis of consumers in these markets (Gupta, 2003). PART (B) Market differentiation according to sub-cultures There are different subcultures in the world and marketers must recognize that global markets are not homogenous. There are different groups of customers with different needs. Establishing a uniform marketing strategy for a multicultural market may not be profitable since different consumers have different needs. Marketing policies should be differentiated to ensure adequate coverage of consumer needs. In some cases, marketers are required to differentiate their markets according to regions since within a country, there are cultural differences. Gupta (2003, pg 71) suggests that â€Å"culture works by generating a sequence of paraconscious vibrations in human life, which reverberate through the mental attitudes, psychological beliefs, physical behaviors and social breeding of individuals in the system. † Culture affects the overall marketing strategies of an organization; it influences product awareness, trial and repeat purchase by the consumers. It also affects the relationship and communication between the marketers and their customers. The customers select, scan, interpret, validate and prioritize the information they receive from the marketers. In order to succeed in global marketing process, a marketer should be able to identify the needs of different customers and design marketing strategies which match their needs. Cultural diversity within geo-political boundaries Within a country, there are different cultures since different groups exist and marketers should assume that domestic markets are homogenous. However, cultural diversity in domestic markets is lower compared to international markets. Multinational companies operate in different cultures and the marketing strategies to be adopted should match the cultural aspects of different customers from different regions. There is need to understand cultures of different countries when working with a multinational company since multicultural aspects determine the success of the company (Rao, 2003). Subcultures in marketing It is important for marketers to subdivide their markets according to sub-cultures in order to use the best marketing mix strategies which satisfy specific needs of their consumers. Traditional theories of management assumed that people and cultures are homogenous. Managers should understand that cultural diversity affects the activities of an organization and that they should integrate cultural aspects in their marketing strategies to avoid conflicts. Productivity in an organization requires developing ideas which create understanding in cross-cultural environments. The behavior pattern of people is determined by the culture of the place they work, live and interact. Culture gives people a sense of belonging since human beings like identifying themselves with certain social groups. Culture is dynamic and changes as time goes by. The competitiveness of the organization in the global markets depends on the ability to understand the different cultures and integrating the culture in the products manufactured by the company. The management should do market research about the different cultures of the people they are working with. Products which match the culture of the people develop high demand in the global markets. Therefore, culture should be understood from internal and external systems of the organization (Krueger & Nandan, 2008).

People’ Attitude Towards Work Essay

People’s attitude to work varies a lot i.e. in relation to the individuals’ personal experience and their overall perception of others (employers, colleagues) and how they are actually perceived by other people. As emphasized by various key theorists (e.g. Frederick Taylor, Maslow, Douglas McGregor etc.) discussed in Behaviour At Work element 11.1, we (people) make assumption about other people based on our own experience in that, it is a way of making sense of relating to others. We each set ourselves certain standards and expect other people to adhere to them, even though they may not share our views and have different standards for themselves. Motivation is both individual and complex and there is a difference between what motivates people to perform above average and what leads to below average performance. Douglas McGregor emphasized that managers make either theory X or Y assumptions about the way others behave. Theory X assumption includes; * an average human being inherently dislikes work and will avoid it if possible hence, these types of people must be coerced, controlled, directed or even threatened with punishment to get them to put in adequate effort at work. * an average person prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition and wants security above any other thing. Theory Y assumptions on the other hand stresses that; * people do not inherently dislike work and that the conditions of work reflects peoples satisfaction * people will generally exercise self direction and self control in pursuit of the objective to which they are committed * people mostly learn under proper conditions, not only to accept but to seek responsibility * people are not being used by organisations to their full potential * in order to obtain commitment from employees rewards should fulfill an individuals self actualization needs Choosing either Theory X or Y has an overall effect on people, be it positive or negative i.e. there will be a tendency within an organisation for people to respond to the way they are managed thus, if employees feel that they are not being trusted, this may result in them behaving in a less trustworthy way. PEOPLE’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS WORK (CONT.) Conclusion: Due to the fact that there is a range of reasons why people behave differently in work situations, hence, it is unrealistic to make generalized assumption about individuals attitude to work i.e. reasons for performing better or worse than average. Behaviour of each group is most likely to be unpredictable e.g. in the case of our Young business enterprise, GNVQ group A unlike group B spent a lot of time meeting despite the fact that there was conflict between individuals, thus we all had to put personal problems aside in order to achieve the same common goal which alternatively reflects on the successful trading carried out via high level of cooperation. Peoples attitude in a particular organisation can be measured by implementing techniques such as; * Preparation of questionnaires which is distributed to a certain number of selected individuals in a particular organisation. (Ref. example of questionnaire which may be used by organisations – appendix 1) * Face-to-face interviews – this refers to actually forming a one to one communication strategy which deals specifically with obtaining necessary information on employees general attitude towards their work and what motivates them to work harder and effectively. Face-to-face interviews are mainly used to obtain a direct response from the people affected by each policy thus, generating a more realistic subjective view of the employees involved as opposed to making an assumption. Some of the questions which can be included while carrying out an interview are as follows; (1) Can you describe any job you have held where you were faced with problems and pressures which tested your ability to cope? (2) Can you give me an example of a time when you had to conform to a policy with which you did not agree? (3) What stimulates you in your work and how does this motivate you? (4) Would you be willing to work in a position where you are expected to make decisions and how will you conduct yourself? (5) How do you feel about the way you are managed by your superior and what will contribute to you working even better? * Surveys – surveys takes different forms depending on the level of workers which are being examined. It can also be seen as a combination of the methods mentioned above i.e. in generating more response so as to obtain an overall result i.e. a more factual information regarding employees, which can obviously be relied on. (Ref. Example of a personnel performance indicator which can be used in highlighting peoples attitude to work – appendix 2) (Appendix 1) Questionnaire (1) Would you consider yourself satisfied with the level of responsibility your job involves? Yes[] No[] (2) What motivates you to work? Money[] Promotion[] Job security[] Other †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (3) How would you describe you working condition? V. good[] Good[] Average[] Below average[] (4) Do you like working as a group[] ; individually[] ; or both [] (5) Would you like to be included in decision making or quality circle? Yes[] No[] Don’t know[] (6) What do you enjoy most in doing your job? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (7) Have you had any complaint in relation to your level of participation in your job? Yes[] No[] If yes, how do you view this †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (8) How well do you deal with criticism? V. well[] Average [] Below average[] (9) Does criticism affect your overall performance? Yes[] No[] (10) Would you consider yourself Highly motivated[] Easily motivated[] Not easily motivated[] Don’t know[] FACTORS AFFECTING MOTIVATION People’s level of motivation is affected by certain issues, which may lead to an extensive breakdown in communication within an organisation due to lack of cooperation between employees and employees or employees and employers. These factors includes; * Hierarchy of needs – this inter relates to Maslow’s theory of human behaviour i.e. that individuals have five level of needs which they sought to satisfy. The human needs as established by Maslow states that the lowest of our needs include the basic physiological need for food, drink and shelter, once it is satisfied, individuals then needs to protect himself/herself against danger, threat and deprivation thereafter the levels of needs rise through social needs, need for self esteem and status to the need for self actualization. This affects motivation on an individual basis i.e. an individual may focus on each step before actually moving towards self actualization thus, if he/she is not completely satisfy on any of the stages the person tends to struggle a lot in working to his/her best ability – this may not be the case for lots of other people. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self actualization (the need to do the work we like) Esteem (the need to feel worthy and respected) Social needs (the need to be liked/loved and to be a member of a given group) Security (the need to feel safe and secure) Survival (the need to stay alive, to eat, to drink, sleep and reproduce) FACTORS AFFECTING MOTIVATION (CONT.) * Job Satisfaction – this affects the way in which people feel about their work in terms of achievement or recognition from others, the work involved, level of responsibility, opportunities for advancement, company policy and administration, supervisions, salary, interpersonal relations and working conditions. In the case where these are not dealt with in a constructive manner, it may give rise to a high level of dissatisfaction at work which may in turn lead to persistent lateness or absenteeism, below average performance and real or imagined illness on the part of workers i.e. due to a downfall in level of motivation. * Challenge – if the work involved is not challenging enough for certain employees, it may lead to low staff morale that is, workers may not feel the need to give the job their absolute best. On the other hand, if the job is too broad compared to a relatively low number of employees, it may also have the same negative effect in motivating the workers. * Motivators such as: reward, training, promotion etc. If these motivators lacks in an organisation, workers tend to feel that their needs are not being catered for, hence, developing a negative attitude towards employers which alternatively affect the level of work which is put into the organisation i.e. workers in this situation will only work because they feel the need to work not because they want to work. However, in order to get employees fully involved, various kinds of motivators e.g. shared ownership, cash bonuses etc. should be introduced to commend hard working employees thus, serving as a source of motivation in that people actually perform better when they are willing to work so as to meet a certain target rather than employers forcing work on them because they have to. * Career Development – this proves vital in maintaining or improving the level of staff motivation in that, people like to think that their hard work will pay off well as opposed to go unrecognized thus, if there is an opportunity for career development, workers tend to perform well so as to develop their individual skills and at the same time climb up the management ladder. In a situation where it is the opposite, it may lead to a wide spread low morale amongst employees. * Level of Expectancy – this may have an overall effect on an individual’s attitude towards work i.e. in relation to the expectancy theory developed by Victor Vroom, for example, an individual may respond in a positive way to a high level of expectancy from employers while another employee of the same calibre breakdown under pressure thus, it all boils down to an individual’s desire for something in relation to the person’s estimation of how likely it can be achieved. MOTIVATORS APPROPRIATE FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE As established by Frederick Taylor (1947) â€Å"what the workforce want from their employers beyond anything else is high wages and what employers want from their workforce most of all is low labour costs† – the existence or absence of these two elements forms the basis for either a good or bad management. The major factors which makes people feel satisfied with their job and motivates individuals to work effectively includes; high level of achievement, recognition, opportunities for advancement and responsibility as well as the actual content of the work which is being carried out. On the other hand, factors which affects employees adversely and which lead to high level of dissatisfaction with their individual tasks include negative company policy, low level of salary and benefits, interpersonal relations and the overall working conditions (as described earlier). The following motivators are required so as to encourage individuals to work harder thus, enhancing the workers individual performance; * Autonomy – this refers to the amount of freedom and discretion an individual can exercise over a certain job, this gives the worker a higher level of responsibility providing that the person wants and can cope with the responsibility. This will boost an individual’s self-reliance thus, being able to meet target more effectively. Although some people prefer jobs with low level of responsibility, this is often common when people have a highly complex and demanding life outside work. However they are not likely to be high achievers. * Praise – workers generally feel the need to be praised for hard work hence, serving as a motivator in encouraging the particular worker to keep doing a specific task to his/her best ability. Praise actually has an overall effect on the quality and quantity of goods and services produced, so therefore it is vital for employers to recognize and commend a high quality work. MOTIVATORS APPROPRIATE FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE (CONT.) Delegating – this motivates people to work harder in that, it also involves giving workers more responsibility for the tasks they carry out. Delegating is used in a situation where by the particular job holds certain responsibilities, but additional responsibility is giving through delegation, this may help in providing more time for more important tasks, thus, helping in increasing an individuals’ job satisfaction. Reluctant or poor delegation can be worse than no delegation at all, hence, this is why most employers tend to delegate trustworthy employees to carry out certain tasks. Delegation also helps in meeting target, improving cooperation between staff and employer, and improving the quality and quantity of work carried out. * Shared Ownership – shared ownership schemes proves to be very successful in motivating workers in that, employees handle tasks more efficiently due to the fact that they also have a stake in the company hence, people tend to work very well if there is some kind of benefit to derive from their hard work on the long run. The introduction of shared ownership enhances general individual performance i.e. people tend to be self reliance thus, meeting targets, encouraging and maintaining good relationship with co-workers and employers which in turn helps in developing and delivering good quality of work (high standard) as well as improving the quantity of work achieved. * Quality Circle – the implementation of quality circle serves as a motivator because it makes employees feel more involved in all the aspects of product development. Quality circle is usually set up to tackle a particular project where quality improvement is necessary therefore, making it easy to recognize each team’s ability and alternatively rewarding individual teams for the level of work they put in improving the quality and the amount of goods actually produced. EFFECTS OF MOTIVATORS ON INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE In an event whereby employees’ needs are catered for promptly and effectively, organisations can benefit a great deal. For instance, in order for quality circles to be successful, quality improvement programmes needs full commitment from employees. The motivators discussed earlier helps in; * enhancing employees commitment to a particular organisation thus, being more reliable in performing tasks individually as well as part of a team. * boost loyalty – the level of employees loyalty will be improved if they are being treated with respect they deserve e.g. if employees are offered shared ownership of an organisation as a reward for hard work, the employee will be willing to stay loyal for a long period in that, the employee will be obliged to support the particular organisations’ internal and external activities i.e. outside and within the organisation. On the whole, these motivators helps in providing opportunities for increased skills, flexible working and individual development. Motivators also provide social companionship and a sense of pride in the overall working relationship in regards to achievements derived from motivating workers in the correct manner. Further Analysis: GAINING EMPLOYEE COOPERATION THROUGH MOTIVATION It is essential that the reward strategy adopted by employers fulfills employees needs i.e. if motivation to work is to be maintained or increased, it is necessary that an individual is convinced that by putting in extra effort at work, his/her performance will be improved and that the reward he/she values will be forthcoming. In order to gain employee cooperation, employers’ focus on motivating employees in various ways depending on the organisation involved, some of the methods used in achieving this are as follows; * Job Security – by providing a secure job opportunity, workers will have the opportunity for career progression, therefore, they will feel motivated to work hard so as to get on. A major example of this relates to the Japanese economy that is, because employers often offer a job for life to potential individuals thus, they tend to expect a high degree of loyalty from their workers as well as commitment to work to the very best of their ability. * Merit Rating – this refers to recognizing an individuals’ performance and selecting personal qualities which an organisation believes to be important and assessing these qualities hence, giving the organisation an overall idea on how to reward individual performance effectively. (Ref. Merit rating form – appendix 3) * Appraisal – this is also used to pin point performance, appraisal is needed for assessing the performance of an individual in discharging specific responsibilities and/or the potential performance of the individual in other roles. Appraisal often involves assessing both job performance and personality characteristics relevant to the particular job. Performance appraisal is an extension and development of merit rating, it may or may not be used as a basis for increase in salary (performance related pay). GAINING EMPLOYEE COOPERATION THROUGH MOTIVATION (CONT.) An example of appraisal of an employee may take the form below; Job Knowledge and Technical Ability Comments Exceptional Good Satisfactory Marginal Inadequate Energy and Application Comments Exceptional Good Satisfactory Marginal Inadequate Organizing Ability Comments Exceptional Good Satisfactory Marginal Inadequate Overall Assessment 1. Reserved for employees whose distinguished performance is clearly obvious to all. 2. Seasoned employees whose performance is noticeable better than satisfactory. 3. Satisfactory 4. Performance close to being satisfactory but needs further development. 5. Performance clearly below the accountability level required for a certain task or set of tasks (this may include newcomers). 6. Totally unsatisfactory (Ref. Performance Appraisal by: T.L . Whisler and S.F . Harper, research and practice by: Holt, Rinehart and Winston) GAINING EMPLOYEE COOPERATION THROUGH MOTIVATION (CONT.) * Incentive Schemes – this may be used to gain cooperation due to the fact that it is a valuable motivator. Incentive schemes means the payment to employees of a regular bonus related to productivity, this is designed to encourage employees to cooperate with management in raising productivity and the overall performance of the organisation. This emphasizes the relationship between performance and payment, in that money remains a major motivator in enhancing growth in the level of work performed. * Management By Objectives – this focuses on increasing workers performance by agreeing individual objectives with managers and measuring progress by the degree of attainment of the objectives i.e. management by objectives involves setting specific organizational objectives for a future time period. This is a mutual setting of objectives between each position holder and his/her supervisor and the use of the objectives as standards for evaluating the employee’s performance. MBOs are used in gaining cooperation in regards to employee and employer relationship that is, employees will respond a lot better to discussions rather than orders/commands. POTENTIAL BENEFITS REGARDING GOOD COOPERATION As established by Frank Herzberg (1968), increased job satisfaction will not always result in increased performance but nevertheless increasing the level of job satisfaction within an organisation has lots of advantages i.e. in relation to the organisation, the managers and each individual employee. Potential benefits Potential benefits to employees to management * more interesting work Through better Through increased * scope for development working methods motivation * more autonomy * companionship and team pride * share in any benefits to employers * better quality * reduced absence * lower turnover * more flexibility * higher productivity Potential organizational benefits * high level of commitment to the organisation * improved industrial relations climate * organisation growth This table lays emphasis on – improving job design and work organisation to meet individual needs. (Ref. The effective manager, book 4, open university, 1990) POTENTIAL BENEFITS REGARDING GOOD COOPERATION (CONT.) Benefits which are derived from successful communication between employers and employees includes; Organizational Benefits: * In a situation whereby employees are satisfied with the work they perform as well as their working environment, employees tend to identify more closely with the actual organisation. * Employees who are committed to the organisation are likely to work harder towards organizational goals, seize opportunities, contribute new ideas and act as good public relations officers for their employer. * Effective communication within an organisation will also give rise to less chance of industrial disputes in that, employees will have little or no dissatisfaction and the organisation as a whole can therefore expect to survive competition and prosper. Management Benefits: * If workers are highly motivated, managers will be able to expect better quality performance. * The symptoms of dissatisfaction i.e. absenteeism and illness will be minimal or not present hence, the management will be able to discover that staff are willing and able to perform a range of tasks if their individual skills and abilities are fully developed. On the long run, this benefit will lead to improved productivity and better quality service. Individual Benefits: * If a person with certain skills and abilities finds his/her job suited to the qualities he/she possess, the work the individual participate in, will become more interesting and therefore less likely to produce stress or dissatisfaction. * A job which involves various source of motivation i.e. providing an individual with a scope for development, this will be encouraging to the individual, hence, the particular person will then be able to focus on opportunities for improvement and advancement. On the whole, the level of advantages of job satisfaction outweighs its disadvantages hence, in a situation whereby everybody works hand in hand with a view of a common interest i.e. putting aside personal differences, the organisation tend to survive on the long run – the young business enterprise group A is a perfect example to qualify this statement. CONCLUSION: Motivation in Regards to Group Development In order for people to get along well enough as a group so as to be able to benefit the business as a whole, motivators such as praise, autonomy, giving ideas, feedback and so on was implemented in that, for us to achieve each group development stage effectively before moving to the next important stage, it is vital for each group member to deal with the tasks given to the best of his/her ability. * Praise – this was used indirectly at regular intervals, so as to show an appreciation for a good level of effort put in by each group member. * Autonomy – enough opportunity was given to each group member to work on certain tasks as an individual thus, giving the person overall responsibility without too much questioning. * Giving Ideas – each group member was involved in the initial brainstorm for the product ideas as well as designs to be produced and each and every idea brought forward was welcomed and discussed in further depth hence, making each group member feel as part of the business which alternatively led to intense commitment. * Feedback – people need to know whether they are performing their jobs satisfactorily, they need praise for doing things well and they need help and advice if they are not performing up to standard, this is achieved through feedback during business meetings. This is used to the advantage of the business venture, in that, people who are not pulling their weight (contributing) were told directly by group members to do so, thus, giving rise to people actually performing much better in some cases and no apparent change in other cases. On the whole, the level of motivational skills applied to the business venture proves to be effective for the individuals within the group as well as in the general group development.

Media questions Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Media questions - Movie Review Example Since, besides the son’s attire, universal talk and dad’s military cap, the entire setting is more of a residential than that of a military. The strategically absent aspect in the video is the military setting, which ought to align with the young person’s attire and even the Video’s universal talk regarding the benefits of joining the army Formal appetites created encompass the desire of an individual to be strong, self-driven and confidence (Ott & Mack 151). This is evident in the manner in which both parents and the young person esteem these traits, which to present the beneficiary seems to enjoy. These benefits or traits (strong, self-driven individual and confidence) also share the same structural resemblances with the video especially from the narrative perspective, which offers the content of the video. For illustration, the young person confesses that initially when he was joining the Army, he had no clue about it. However, after the training and strict discipline, he has emerged being supremely confident about himself besides having other traits. The narrative praises the benefits attributed with joining the US Army especially among the young people. Since, after meticulous training and strict adherence of its discipline one emerges to be a morally upright and a reliable person, which is evident from the young man’s mother. Hence, advert calls upon all the parents not to disapprove their children’s suggestion regarding joining the army because besides shaping them to be good, it also makes them become â€Å"Strong†. The narration mode is calm besides a strong voice from the advert, which calls upon the parents to heed their children’s suggestions regarding joining the Army (Ott & Mack 113). In addition, the characters involved in the video, which is the entire family support the conclusion of the person voice who is presenting

Discuss the behavioral issues involved in Merit inc.'s standard cost Assignment

Discuss the behavioral issues involved in Merit inc.'s standard cost dilemma - Assignment Example of the employees the system does not offer a platform for the employees to work competitively in a bid to produce quality products, instead the system has offered an ideal situation which does not give allowance for errors in the processes and defects relative to the material usage. This has contributed to low productivity which is attributed to low morale level for work. On the other hand, the system has offered an ideal situation that has made it hard for the managers to achieve any set goal. This has led to a considerable decline of the manager’s motivation. In the case of the three responses from the plant manager, controller and human resources director, it is generally observable that the standard cost system provided an ideal situation which left the company not able to progress. In the case of the plant manager’s response the organization is suffering since all the operations are done in an ideal business milieu which does not reflect the efforts of the employees thus killing their morale. This aspect has seen the organization’s productivity decline considerably. The advantage of this response is that the management understands well that, there is need of the standard system change to one that will be based on the expected actual prices and previous efficiency averages. This approach is advantageous since it will enhance identification of the variance relative to the level of improvement. In essence, this approach will enhance the employees’ morale for better results. In the case of the controller’s resp onse the organizational milieu is reflected as one operating in an ideal milieu, which is not profitable and achievable when measuring performance against an absolute standard. The advantage of this response is that offers an insight that the organization need to change tactic on nature of the cost standard. In this case the cost standards should be measured to par relative to a golf course. This will enable the management to evaluate

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 26

None - Essay Example Factors such as corruption and injustice have prevented the establishment of infrastructure in rural areas that would help in job creation. Leaders using public offices for personal gains have contributed to the migration. They include issues affecting the society such as education, health and security among others (Branigan 24). Some individuals move into urban areas to seek better health facilities due to lack of hospitals in rural areas. Higher learning institutions in major Chinese towns also attract students who later settle in these urban areas as they seek employment opportunities. Increasing population in some rural regions of China has also led to people migrating to less occupied urban centers. A persons health status in a city will depend on the economic stability of the individual. Most people in urban areas are employed, therefore, have a stable income part of which may be used in payment of health services. However, there are individuals who do not secure jobs in urban areas leading to low class settlement schemes such as slums. In China, the high population in urban areas has contributed to development low living standards where individuals do not have access to good health and education services. Individuals living in cities have access to improved health institutions with qualified doctors unlike in the rural areas where quacks have taken over the health sector. Since most rural regions in China have already invested in Agriculture, most individuals do not find the importance of education. In urban centers, children come up with jobs such as delivering counterfeit goods and drugs which have led to high insecurity rates. According to research, urban areas have higher insecurity rates than rural areas contributed to by increased rural-urban immigration. To survive in these Chinese cities, one had to come up with modern day strategies such as coming up with business ideas. Individuals should

Northern Ecology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Northern Ecology - Essay Example The lack of vegetation is also due to cold winds that characterize the region. This results in a unique ecological system inhabited by exclusive organisms adapted for survival under such conditions. The climatic condition is, therefore, an integral aspect of the ecosystem that influences the distriburtion, population, and diversity of the organisms inhabiting such ecologies (Krupnik 12). The arctic tundra extends in the regions of Russia, Canada, and Iceland. Despite the harsh climatic conditions, the arctic tundra is an enabling environment for the survival of a number of plants and animals, which, therefore, create an effective ecosystem. Apart from the boreal forests, the region is inhabited with such unique animals as polar bear, arctic wolf, and fox. The animals have learnt the necessary skills to enable them survive the harsh winters and the long nights most of which last for months. The conditions are not favorable for most organisms. However, these animals among other organis ms in the region have developed specific features to ensure that they survive in the climatic conditions. The fact that they have inhabited the regions for several years alludes to the development of adaptive features, which make the subsequent generations better prepared to live in the ecosystem. Just as in any other ecosystem, the animals relate and interact freely, thereby, constructing food chains and webs, which sustain the survival of all the animals. The most common herbivores in the ecosystem are arctic hare, caribous, and lemming among others. Such animals survive on the scanty vegetation in the region (Sperry 75). It includes such a vegetation as the leaves of the undergrowth of the boreal forest among any other rare plant. To survive under some of the worst climatic conditions in the region, most of the animals get into a period of reduced metabolic activities. During hibernation, the body consumes a decreased amount of energy, and the animals, therefore, does not eat sin ce their bodies require a small amount of energy capable only of carrying out the basic metabolic processes such as breathing (Bruemmer 45). Through hibernation, therefore, the animals survive under the harsh climatic conditions and the lengthened night hours most of which consist of reduced metabolic activities. The animals make themselves sleep for months. This is an adaptive trait for most of the animals since the period is normally long and characterized by unfavorable ecological factors. No organism would, therefore, survive this period, a factor that substantiates the need for the long spell of sleep, the time within which the natural climatic factors change until they make a complete loop. They, therefore, begin to favor the increased activity in the ecosystem as the animals take the chance to hunt for food and to find mates, thereby, continuing the lineage of the species of the particular organisms. In the food chain, the herbivores provide food to an assortment of predators who employ a number of tactics to obtain food. This results in a survival of the fittest, the situation in which the predators try to obtain the scarce food while the prey also tries to evade the attack from their predators and, therefore, survive. Polar bears are among some of the most conspicuous predators in the ecosystem. They are carnivores and must kill other animals for survival. The animals are huge and are the most predominant in the ecosystem. They have a number of survival adaptations, which make their

Political Environment Case Study Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Environment Case Study Analysis - Essay Example Most likely, higher education organizations such as the NEA (National Education Association) will support the reduction. The different student organizations from state colleges and universities will possibly join as well. Individuals from working-class families or those who are supporting themselves while studying can also form a large number when they unify their support. Apart from higher education, the supporters of mental health programs are also getting worried; they say that neglecting mental health programs in favor of improving correctional facilities will just cause increase in inmate population in the long run. Among the possible supporters are NMHA (National Mental Health Association), AMHA (American Mental Health Association), NASMHPD (National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors). There are also other organizations who believe that more of the budget must be allotted to infrastructure, social centers, daycare centers, hospitals, etc. These are the infras tructure organizations such as the American Hospital Association. Political advocacy groups are also potential supporters.

Federal emergency grant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Federal emergency grant - Essay Example The center works in liaison with the US fire administration, police, Emergency Response Institute and the Federal Emergency Management Agency among others for better preparedness (Kimmel 2006).Apparently San Marcos is prepared to respond to emergency through the many training sessions facilitated by Emergency Response Institute (ERI), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the Texas State University. There is also awareness creation on the potential hazards in the area through participatory assessment of those hazards (Ashby, 2010). The school has and the community has access to hotlines in case of emergencies for immediate response. The school needs the grant to improve their preparedness by increasing the equipment required, expanding the transport system to prevent possible accidents. They also needs funds to conduct a comprehensive, strength based vulnerability assessment of the school buildings and grounds given that the district lies on the fault line. This will help us improve our mitigation plan (Burnet, 2008). Currently the fault lines have led to creation of springs which provide water to the residents and act as tourism attraction. San Marcos River as never run dry thus providing water for agricultural purpose. The Aquarena and wornderworldare spring are major tourist attraction for rearing some of the endangered aquatic species on earth. The school is collaborating with the community to develop appropriate policies and procedures in building a better team that is well prepared to respond to crisis. This way the process is integrated so as some of the resources can be shared. The school has looked at Federal Emergency Response and Crisis Management Plans Discretionary Grants legislation, regulation and administrative requirement and is certain to comply with them. The school is ready to sign the required agreements, documents and permits together with preparing a quarterly

Investigate a business idea and produce a realistic, practical Essay

Investigate a business idea and produce a realistic, practical business plan considering the financial aspects of the proposed b - Essay Example This company will be established after assessing both local and cross-border market. The current skin care producers concentrate mainly on women, where most skin care products are manufactured to cater for women. The primary target market for Face Care Limited constitutes the increasing number of high-profile men who desire to improve their looks and be presentable (Cadogan, 2009). Face Care Limited seeks to target working class men since young professional men make up 59% of the young profession; these people prefer high quality skincare products; this is a great opportunity that the company needs to be tapped. Mission Statement The mission of Face Care Limited is to become the premier provider of oily skin solutions to men. Face Care limited is dedicated to provision of a solution to men whose skins produce a lot of oil due to active oil glands. The products are aimed at regulating and controlling the production of sebum. Vision Face Care Limited’s vision is to be the intern ational leader in the provision of high quality skincare products. Core Values The company’s key values are customer satisfaction, honesty, accountability, and reliability in its operations. The firm will focus on promoting likeability of skin care products among potential customers to increase the market size. This is because customers will buy large quantities of the products if they achieve high utility after using them. Customer satisfaction will be achieved through offering affordable prices and substantial quantity of products. Honesty is a key virtue in any organization, and Face Care Limited aims to create a transparent relationship with both the internal and external environment such as workers and clients. In the event of the Face Care Limited receiving complains concerning any harm caused by the company’s products, the management will be accountable and responsible to bear the consequences (Das, 2010). The initial solution to the problem of defectiveness wil l involve immediate recall of skin care products from all shelves and stores. Constant delivery of high quality products in the market will make the firm reliable in identifying new market opportunities, and meeting customer needs effectively. Plan of Operations The operational plan comprises of several elements that the company intend to implement in its production in order to achieve the objectives of firm. Proper assessment of vital components such as sales channels, value proposition, key resources, cost structure, revenue streams, key partners, and key operational activities will enable Face Care Limited to widen its market size (Vale, 2006). Capital raised from promotions of the products will act as the revenue stream for the company; this is through our sales channels, for instance, Face Care intends to use its own website for promotional purposes (Cadogan, 2009). A successful business should target customer segments that have working class men models equipped with the skills of marketing. The promoters have developed a Business Model Canvas for Face Care Limited. This is an action plan that the company intend to use once it becomes operational; it will assist the management in dealing with any possible future challenges. The Business Model Canvas consists of solutions on how Face Care Limited will manage its activities to reach out to clients (Douglas & O'Reilly, 2011). It consists of solut

Analytical Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analytical Paper - Essay Example Via the characters they come across on their mainland trek, Granado and Guevara witness personally the injustices, face the deprived as well as meet the people and social-classes they could have never came across before. To their astonishment, the road portrays to them a real and enthralling image of Latin-American identity. Consequently, the trip correspondingly establishes the beginning of cognitive dissension and revolution within Guevara Ernesto, who apparently would later consider armed revolution as a technique to confront the continent's widespread economic disparities (Drinot17). In Cuba, Guevara discovered that the peasants had no electricity, schools, accessibility to healthcare and that 40% of the grown-ups were uneducated. Guevara established workshops to impart military tactics, health clinics as well as a newspaper for information disseminating. Guevara was instrumental for devising novel strategies for Cuba’s political, social as well as economic development. Gu evara ensured revolutionary justice against the traitors; he also instituted the Agrarian land-reform as well as the Agrarian Reform Law. This resulted in land redistribution and equality. Guevara was instrumental in instituting universal accessibility to higher education through introducing ‘affirmative action’ to institutions of higher education (Elena 45). Guevara is portrayed in The Motorcycle Diaries as a first-timer tourist:  a freshman finally wriggling out of his upperclass bubble and understanding the world as it is.  Eduardo Elena’s article â€Å"A  Point of Departure† contests this by indicating that this was not Guevara’s first voyage (26). In the movie, Guevara tells Granado that he had not traveled before, though Elena articulates that Guevara’s upper middle-class social rank gave him the chance to travel on holidays with family, and he  travelled as a youth before getting on this specific expedition. Elena  emphasizes that it is this tour in all over South America that is broadly thought to have opened Ernesto Guevara’s eyes to the miseries of the publics as he departed from his accustomed life in Argentina from  1951 to 1952. Guevara’s trips had him witness the divide between the haves and the have-nots (Drinot 10). The Motorcycle Diaries portrays Guevara persistently disregarding his fortunate social status to go through his explorations as an ordinary person. Elena supposes that this transpired as one approach in which Guevara started to display his non-conformist outlook towards a conventional community; his non-conformist explorations had a reflective impact upon how Guevara viewed the society around him.  Ernesto had the aptitude to decide to  rough-in, and this provided him with a distinctive perspective  to see the  predicament of the underprivileged he came across on his explorations (Drinot 11). Guevara’s discoveries made him have a negative attitude towa rds the prevailing upper and middle class standards, cultural expectations, as well as the political tendencies of the 50s. Elena states that  this was Guevara’s choice,  as demonstrated many times  in the movie through his endeavors to interact with the common people they came across in their exploration rather than renting home services or lodging (34). While Granado sought to exchange their skills for food and shelter, Ernesto

Just-In-Time Inventory Practices Essay Example for Free

Just-In-Time Inventory Practices Essay The Just in Time inventory system is the one which aims at reducing the cost of inventory at nay organization by monitoring the holding cost of it. It aims at reducing all the costs that are associated with inventory management and to enhance the production of products. The philosophy aims at the production of goods â€Å"at the right place, at the right time and in the right quantity† (Muller, 2003). History of Just In Time Inventory System Just in Time inventory system is another name of lean production system. The creator of the philosophy of Just in Time Inventory was Taiichi Ohno, the father of Toyota Production System (TPS) in Japan. The TPS systematizes production and logistics for the vehicle manufacturer, together with communication with the suppliers and customers. The system was between the years 1948 and 1975. As it was previously called the Just In Time Production, the TPS was basically built on the writings of Edward Deming and the famous car manufacturer Henry Ford. When the founders of Toyota visited United States, they were not impressed by the assembly line of Ford which focused on the concept of mass production, however, when they visited the super market, they were very impressed by the system of resupply and replenishment of drinks only when one drink was consumed. They adopted this system and named it â€Å"The Toyota Way†. Characteristics of Just in Time Inventory System Just In Time system gained popularity. It focused on many aspects of production and helped many organizations reduce their costs on their inventory. The basic characteristics of Just in Time inventory system are that it reduces the inventory accumulation in any organization. The holding cost of inventory goes down and hence the production costs are reduced by large figures. As opposed to the mass production system, lean production or Just in Time production system focused on production of goods in batches. The production is done in smaller lots and sizes. It also focuses on the aspect of quality control and inspection. The smaller lot sizes give the advantage of better inspection of the production batches. The production or the assembly line is divided into work cells, the system step by step production system which saves the capacity and saves the time to move from one step to the other. The most important characteristic is waste minimization at all times. With lesser inventory accumulation, the costs reduce, the inventory does not go obsolete and costs of warehousing and safety does not incur. Currently, organizations that have maintaining their supply chain are effectively making the use of Just in Time inventory system (Hugos, 2006). Benefits of Just in Time inventory System There are lots of advantages in implementing JIT lean manufacturing. JIT makes manufacturing operations competent, cost efficient and customer responsive. It allows producers to acquire and collect materials just before theyre needed, thus lessening the cost and trouble of administrating redundant parts. With the constantly changing demand JIT is apt to the producers’ needs of purchasing new inventory all the time. By acquiring only a limited and certain amount of inventory, the costs are saved and if the demand of a product goes down, the manufacturers are saved from huge losses they might incur from extra inventory that has gone outdated. Not only the inventory problems, producing the right quantity of goods saves the companies from accumulating capital in unsold inventory. Hence, there is no waste during production and demand is accurately met (Muller, 2003). Demerits of Just in Time System Even though the Just in Time system has some advantages, it lacks at some points. Just in Time system if not kept well can disrupt the whole supply chain of an organization. The companies which produce goods that have fluctuating demand can find it difficult to implement Just in Time. The demand does not allow the manufacturers to rely on a certain quantity of material. If the demand is too low, their inventory can go in waste, and if the demand is too high, they might not be able to fulfill the demand completely in a single batch of production (Sharma Narayan, 2010) (from UIU Library). Just in Time has got some major risks associated with it. In countries like Pakistan and India where labor strikes and political instability makes it difficult to ascertain the demand and if the supplies don’t reach the factories and plants on time, supply chain can disrupt. However, these issues can be overcome by making sure that transportation and logistics are well looked upon and alliances are built with suppliers to ensure that supplies are received right on time. Moreover, the concept of safety stock also comes into existence as the risk out running out of stock increase (Muller, 2003). Practical Application  JIT is a philosophy and can not be implemented as a complete science. However, with minor changes, it can be effectively put into practice. Dell, a famous computer manufacturer has made a successful application of JIT system. The company produces customized PCs and laptops for its customers only when it receives the order. The manufacturer to customer model of selling has also made it very successful and it has also helped the organization to establish its unique selling proposition effectively (Piasecki, 2003). Wal-Mart is another organization with an excellent supply chain and is the world leader in whole sell. It has also made a successful implementation of JIT system. Another organization that is very famous for its initiative of JIT system is none other than Toyota. Toyota has made the use of JIT as well as other philosophies such as Kanban and Kaizen. Their concepts of continuous improvement and card system have made their assembly line produce the car at cheap rate. It might seem that with low cost cars, quality might not be as satisfactory as it supposed to be, but, Toyota has implemented some major quality control system. Six sigma is the foundation of their quality. They have come up with different terms that identify how well the work is going on in the organization. Hence, Toyota is an example that can not be eliminated from the success given by JIT system (Monden, 1998). Conclusion JIT system is highly successful of implemented with complete knowledge and care. The idea of the system is to eliminate waste and save costs that are stuck with several kinds of waste during a production process.

Values Of Turkey According To Hofstedes Values Politics Essay

Values Of Turkey According To Hofstedes Values Politics Essay Modern day Turkey has its roots in the former Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire had begun in the 13th century and stretched across the Middle East, including parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. The Ottoman Empire largely collapsed after defeat in the First World War. After the World War, the Turkish War of Independence resulted in Turkey, in its modern day form, being founded in 1923. (CIA World Factbook) Istanbul, Turkeys largest city, also goes back to ancient times as it was formerly known as Constantinople. Further back in history, it was called Byzantium. It has been part of the Ottoman Empire as well as the Roman and Byzantine Empires. After the founding of Turkey, the country operated with a one party system. The first occurrence of an opposition party winning power was in 1950, with a peaceful transfer of power. (CIA World Factbook). However, this has not always been the case. Turkey has been unstable in the past. Military coups have taken place in 1960, 1971, and 1980, with civilians regaining power each time. (CIA World Factbook) Turkeys current government is a republican parliamentary democracy. There are three branches of government. The executive branch has a president who is elected to a five year term, but has a largely ceremonial role. The prime minister is the head of the government and is appointed by the president. The legislative branch is made up of the unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The judicial system contains the Constitutional Court, functioning much like the United States Supreme Court. (CIA World Factbook). Geographically, Turkey lies in the Middle East. Most of the country is part of southwestern Asia, with a small portion spilling into southeastern Europe. The country borders the Black Sea and Mediterranean Seas. Bordering countries include Iraq, Iran, Syria, as well as Greece and Bulgaria. (CIA World Factbook) While Turkey identifies more with the Middle East geographically, the country is more European than its neighbors. Turkey is a NATO member and has been since 1952. It is also a UN member since 1945. Currently, Turkey is a candidate to join the EU. (CIA World Factbook) Turkey has a population of almost seventy-seven million, ranking it seventeenth in the world. Its population is currently growing at a rate of 1.312%. (Dept. of State) The predominant religion is Muslim, with 99.8% of the population identifying themselves as such. (CIA World Factbook). Most of the Muslim population is Sunni. The other 0.2% of the population is made up mostly Christians and Jews, however this number pales in comparison to the Islamic population. (CIA World Factbook) Economically, Turkey is fairly developed. The economy consists of a mix of modern industry, commerce, with a fair amount of agriculture. 45.8% of the labor force works in the service sector. 29.5% spend their lives working in the agriculture sector, while the remaining 24.7% are in the industrial sector. (CIA World Factbook) Turkey has a gross domestic product of $863.3 billion, ranking it 18th in the world. (CIA World Factbook). The largest industrial sector is the textile industry, making up 33% of industry in the country. Automotive and electronic industries are growing. (CIA World Factbook) Another industry in Turkey is the oil industry. Oil pipelines connecting oil from the Middle East to Europe. (CIA World Factbook) The government has been a major participant in industry, banking, transport, and communication in the past, however this role is in decline as the country has experienced a move towards privatization. (CIA World Factbook) Turkey has not been immune to the current economic downturn that is facing the world. The gross domestic product shrunk 5.6% in the past year. Turkey also faces a high external debt. $274 billion dollars are owed to various countries. (CIA World Factbook) The Corruption Perception Index gives a score based on a perceived level of public corruption, ranking 180 different world countries. Turkey scores a 4.4 on the Corruption Perception Index, on a scale from zero to ten, with lower scores indicating more perceived corruption. Turkeys moderate score of 4.4 ranks them the 61st least perceived corrupted country in the world. (Transparency International) Geert Hofstede scores countries on different cultural dimensions in order to give a better understanding of the culture of a particular country. Hofstede measures the dimensions of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and masculinity. (itim International) Turkey scores high at 66 in power distance, indicating that the level of inequality in society is accepted and embraced. Turkey scores low in individualism at 37. This shows that Turkey has a more collectivist culture. In masculinity, Turkey receives a low score of 45. The last dimension, uncertainty avoidance measures with the tolerance of uncertainty in society. Turkey scores a 85 on this dimension. (itim International) This high score indicates that Turkey has a stricter, more intolerant society. S.J. Gray expanded on the ideas of Hosfstede, using Hofstedes dimensions to form additional hypothesis about a country and its accounting systems. Grays first hypothesis states that the higher a country ranks in individualism and lower it ranks in uncertainty avoidance and power distance, the higher the country will rank in professionalism. (Gray) According the Turkeys Hofstede values, it does not fall into the professional category. At the other end of the spectrum from professionalism is statutory control; an idea stating that the people of Turkey prefer a more rule-based approach with less judgment exercised. Grays second hypothesis states that the higher a country scores uncertainty avoidance and power distance and lower it scores in individualism, the more likely the country will value uniformity. Turkeys Hofstede values indicate that Turkey does in fact have high uniformity. According to Gray, Turks value a uniform and consistent approach, rather than adjusting to individual circumstances. The third hypothesis from S.J. Gray says that a country high in uncertainty avoidance and low in individualism and masculinity will rank high in conservatism. Hofstede values for Turkey indicate that Turkey does rank high in conservatism. This idea means that Turks prefer to be conservative in their measurements, allowing for an uncertain future, rather than taking an optimistic approach that may be less accurate. Grays last hypothesis states that a country that is high in power distance and uncertainty avoidance, and low in individualism and masculinity is a country that is high in secrecy. Turkey is likely to be high in secrecy according to its Hofstede values. According to Gray, Turks value confidentiality in business information. Together, Grays hypothesis theorize that Turkey is a country valuing statutory control, uniformity, conservatism, and secrecy. This puts Turkey on par with other Muslim countries in the Middle East such as Iran and Pakistan.

Computer Networks And Wireless Transmissions

Computer Networks And Wireless Transmissions In telecommunications, wireless communication may be used to transfer information over short distances or long distance. The term is often shortened to wireless. it encompasses various types of fixed , mobile, cellular telephones etc. now -a days people who need to be online all the time. For these mobile users, twisted pair, coax, and fiber optics are of no use. They need to get their hits of data for their laptop, notebooks, shirt pocket or wrist watch computers without being tethered to the terrestrial communication infrastructure. For these users, wireless communication is the answer. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Wireless transmission can provide special services and conveniences to people, such as connection to the internet or other networks without connecting to wire directly. It can also facilitate the creation of networks in special situations, such as terrain that is unfriendly to ground cables. Wireless communication began, in fact, in the Hawaiian island precisely the problem of terrain separated by large stretched of ocean. Political organizations determine which sections of the spectrum of light are all to which wireless transmission purpose. Because the existing organizations are always in agreement with current practice or with each other, some products manufactured for one country may not work in another. RADIO TRANSMISSION Radio waves are easy to generate and are omnidirectional, but have low transmission rates. Also, depending on their frequency, radio waves either cannot travel very far, or are absorbed by the earth. In some cases, though, high frequency waves are reflected back to earth by the ionosphere. Ionosphere is a layer of the atmosphere. MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION Microwave transmission is popular for its ability to travel in straight lines. A source can be directly focused on its destination without interfering with neighboring transmissions. Because they travel in straight lines, though, the curvature of the earth can interfere with the microwave transmitters. The solution to this is the addition of repeaters in between the source and destination to redirect the data path. Microwaves are used for long distance communication like cellular phones, garage door openers and so on.. INFRARED AND MILLIMETER WAVES Infrared light is used for close- range communication, such as remote controls, because if does not pass through objects well. This is also a plus because infrared communications in one room de not interfere with the infrared communications in another room. Infrared communication is more secure than other option, such as radio, but it cannot be used outside due to interference by the sun. LIGHTWAVE TRANSMISSION Lasers can be used for wireless communication. It is a relatively low cost way to connect two buildings LAN, but it has drawbacks. The laser is difficult to target on the destinations receiver because the beam is so small. Laser light also diffuses easily in poor atmospheric conditions like rain, fog and so on. TERMS OF WIRELESS TRANSMISSION The theoretical basis for data communication Transmission media Wireless transmission The telephone system Narrowband ISDN Broadband ISDN and ATM THE THEORETICAL BASIS FOR DATA COMMUNICATION Harmonics An infinite series, such as a Fourier series, is just the addition of an infinite number of terms. Each term is called a harmonic. Baud Signals are used to send data over a write. If we want to indicate a data change, there is a corresponding signal change on the wire. The maximum possible number of signal changes per second is called the baud. Fourier Series A periodic function is one that repeats itself over time. Sine and cosine are periodic functions. Fourier proved that any reasonably behaved periodic function could be written as a sum of sine and cosine functions. This is important because sine and cosine are easily represented and recreated. The Fourier series allows periodic signals to be sent over a wire. Voice-Grade Line A voice-grade line has certain restrictions that limits the maximum number of signal changes per second. Signal-To-Noise Ratio Decibels A way to measure to measure the thermal noise that is present on a wire. TRANSMISSION MEDIA Here more than ten terms are there so I am going to explain five terms: Magnetic Media Material on which to store data. It is used in diskettes and magnetic tape. Magnetic media is a common way to transport data quickly. Twisted Pair The oldest and still most common transmission medium. Two insulated copper wires. Twisting the wires reduces electrical interferences from nearby wires. It also counters the antenna effect caused by parallel wires. Head-End In a dual cable system, there are two cables which only transmit data in one direction each. At one end of the network, data is collection from one line for re-transmission on the line going the opposite direction. The end of the network responsible for the data collection and retransmission is called the head-end. Subsplit When two cables are not used, but there is need for simulation of dual cable system, bandwidth on a single cable can be split up, with one portion representing one cable, and the other portion representing the second cable. Splitting the frequencies so that the lower frequencies are used for one purpose and the higher for another is called a subsplit system. Mode Characteristic of a light wave associated with the reflection of the wave through the silica fiber. WIRELESS TRANSMISSION Frequency (F) Light and electricity travel in the form of waves. Waves are periodic in that they repeat themselves, so the frequency of a wave is just the number of times the wave repeats itself in one second. Hertz (Hz) The unit of measure of frequency. The name comes from the german physicist who first produced electromagnetic waves. Wavelength (Lambda) Wavelength is the measure of the length of a wave that is it is used ti find the distance between two consecutive maxima or minima. Speed Of Light (C) The speed that electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum approximately 3*108 m/sec. electromagnetic waves do not travel as fast through a medium as they do through a vacuum. Spread Spectrum A pattern for EM transmission which is popular in the military for its ability to avoid jamming. The transmitter hops from frequency to frequency across a wide frequency band. THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM In this there are more than ten terms so here I am going to explain six terms Public Switched Telephone Network The currently existing network used for telephone communication. It was designed specifically for voice, and is not well suited for use by computers for transmitting data to one another. End Office The place to which your telephones lines connect to receive the telephone service. The distance from the telephone to the end office is usually small around 1 to 10km). Toll Offices Switching centers that connect several end offices. Tandem Offices Similar to the toll office, except it connects the end offices that are within the same local area. Toll Connecting Trunks The hardware which connects the end office to the toll of offices. NARROWBAND ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network Fully digital, circuit switched telephone system that is designed to accommodate both voice and data services. Digital Bit Pipe A bi-directional logical pipe which will pass bits on from source to destination without concern about whether they are voice. NT1 Device placed between the user and the nearest end office allows ISDN connection. Plain Old Telephone Exchange or NT2 Device placed between the end user which can provide a variety of ISDN services. Narrowband ISDN ISDN services on 64-kbps channels. BROADBAND ISDN AND ATM Broadband ISDN It is more recent design for a digital network on which data can travel rates of 155Mbps. It is based on ATM technology. Permanent Virtual Circuits Virtual circuits that remains in place for extended periods of time. Switched Virtual Circuits Virtual circuits that remains in place for short periods of time, typically related to the session time. Head-Of-Line Blocking If a questionable cell tries to come into ATM switch, it will be stalled, effectively stalling the cells behind it unfairly. This is called head-of -line blocking. Knockout Switch To solve the head-of-line blocking problem, queuing on the output side has been proposed. The knockout switch does just this, by stimulating a single output queue by having several output queues that are activated on a round- robin type basis. FORMULAE THE THEORETICAL BASIS FOR DATA COMMUNICATION Baud Rate The baud rate is NOT the same as the data rate. Baud tells how many signals are sent per second, but there are ways of encoding more than one bit per signal change. AVOID getting this confused. Baud= number of signal changes/second Maximum Data Rate Of A Channel (Nyquists Theorem) Max data rate=2 Hlog2 V H=bandwidth in HZ V=discrete levels This formula shows the maximum number of bits that can be sent per second on a data line with a bandwidth of H, is V bits are sent per signal. The max data rate should be in bits per second. Signal-To-Noise Ratio 10log10(S/N) S=signal power N=noise power This formula is used to quantify the quality of a line. It is not usually presented as a ratio, but instead it is given in the units decibels. Maximum Number of Bits Per Second (Shannons Result) Max number of bits per second=H log2 (1+(S/N)) This formula shows the maximum achievable data rate on a noisy line. The difference between shannons result and Nyquists theorem is that Shannons result takes the noise on a line into consideration. The noise can drastically reduce a lines capacity to send data. It is measured in bits per second. TRANSMISSION MEDIA Attenuation 10 log10 (transmitted power/ received power) Attenuation is a way to measure the amount of power lost in a signals strength from when it was sent to when it was received. Attenuation is measured in decibels. WIRELESS TRANSMISSION This formula is used to find the relationship between frequency, wavelength, and the speed of light. Lambda f=c Lambda=wavelength F=frequency C=speed of light THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM This formula is used to fine the bits per second. Bits per second= number of bits per signal change*baud. BIBILIOGRPHY Google.com Wikipedia.com

General Analysis Of John Irvings Works :: essays research papers

John Winslow Irving stands out as one of the finest contemporary American authors. Born in Exeter, New Hampshire in July 1942, Irving attended an Exeter prep school at which his stepfather taught history. Although he excelled at English, he was discouraged by the fact that he was dyslexic, a condition which wasn't recognized back then and so had trouble keeping up. An avid wrestler, he attended the University of New Hampshire on a wrestling scholarship. There, he met a young Southern novelist named John Yount, who encouraged him to write. "It was so simple," he remembers. "Yount was he first person to point out that anything I did except writing was going to be vaguely unsatisfying." Similarly inspired by Dicken's work, particularly A Christmas Carol, and studying under GÃ ¼nter Grass in Vienna, Irving began to write what would later become his first novel, Setting Free the Bears (Irving, 1968). When he returned from Austria he married, and when his first child was born at age 23, he sold his 750 cc Royal Enfield- duly noted in Bears- and continued to write. Following the scant success of Bears, Irving wrote The Water Method Man in 1972, the story of a perpetual graduate student who can't seem to take anything to completion. Although it was criticized for lack of depth and character development, it incorporates an interesting shifting narrative and alternating time periods, which makes the book seem less traditional. Like Bears, both books contain mild autobiographical information. Fred- the implied narrator of the book- attended Exeter, studied in Vienna, and has a wrestling background. In 1978, he published The World According to Garp, which was instantly a success and made Irving a literary hero overnight. It is the story of "TS Garp, the bastard son of Jenny Fields, a feminist leader ahead of her times. Theirs is a world of sexual extremes and even sexual assassinations. Yet the dark, violent events of the story do not undermine a comedy both ribald and robust ." TS Garp, a wrestler and writer, has to deal with his mother's prominence in the feminist movement (though Jenny Fields herself was loath to call herself a feminist). Garp also contains characteristics that seem to earmark works of Irving: unfortunate accidents, wrestling, rich subplots, an intricate cast of characters, and a humor that mocks things that are traditionally sober and tragic. There is something to be said about Irving's talents that he can create humor of such tragedy, as in the terrible car accident, and not seem crass or dark.

Eastern Flight 401 Essays -- Essays Papers

Eastern Flight 401 An Eastern Air Lines Lockheed L-1011 crashed at 2342 eastern standard time, December 29, 1972, 18.7 miles west-northwest of Miami International Airport, Miami, Florida. The aircraft was destroyed. Of the 163 passengers and 13 crewmembers aboard, 94 passengers and 5 crewmembers received fatal injuries. Two survivors died later as a result of their injuries. Following a missed approach because of a suspected nose gear malfunction, the aircraft climbed to 2, 000 feet mean sea level and proceeded on a westerly heading. The three flight crewmembers and a jumpseat occupant became engrossed in the malfunction. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the failure of the flightcrew to monitor the flight instrument during the final 4 minutes of flight, and to detect an unexpected descent soon enough to prevent impact with the ground. Preoccupation with a malfunction of the nose landing gear position indicating system distracted the crew's attention from the instruments and allowed the descent to go unnoticed. As a result of the investigation of this accident, the Safety Board has made recommendations to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration. This tragic accident was preventable by not only the flight crew, but maintenance and air traffic control personnel as well. On December 29, 1972, ninety-nine of the one hundred and seventy-six people onboard lost their lives needlessly. As is the case with most accidents, this one was certainly preventable. This accident is unique because of the different people that could have prevented it from happening. The NTSB determined that â€Å"the probable cause of this accident was the failure of the flightcrew.† This is true; the flight crew did fail, however, others share the responsibility for this accident. Equally responsible where maintenance personnel, an Air Traffic Controllers, the system, and a twenty cent light bulb. What continues is a discussion on, what happened, why it happened, what to do about it and what was done about it. Maintenance personnel should have replaced a faulty indicator light bulb for the nose gear. The filament in the bulb was detached from one of the two mountings. That enabled the bulb to illuminate intermittently. When the maintenance personnel serviced the aircraft, they found the light... ...3 Pardon? CAM-4 Wheel-well lights on? CAM-3 Yeah wheel well lights always on if the gear's down CAM-1 Now try it 23.41:40 APP Eastern, ah 401 how are things comin' along out there? 23.41:44 RDO-1 Okay, we'd like to turn around and come, come back in CAM-1 Clear on left? CAM-2 Okay 23.41:47 APP Eastern 401 turn left heading one eight zero 23.41:50 CAM-1 Huh? 23.41:51 RDO-1 One eighty 23.42:05 CAM-2 We did something to the altitude CAM-1 What? 23.42:07 CAM-2 We're still at two thousand right? 23.42:09 CAM-1 Hey, what's happening here? CAM [Sound of click] 23.42:10 CAM [Sound of six beeps similar to radio altimeter increasing in rate] 23.42:12 .... [Sound of impact] References 1. Mr. Johnson was an air traffic control instructor at Miami International Airport. 2. National Transportation Safety Board Abstract Available [Online] http://www.rpi.edu/dept/union/raf/public/NTSB_Accident_abstracts 3. Air Disaster.com Available[Online] http://www.airdisaster.com/cvr/cvr_ea401.html Title: Eastern Air Lines, Inc., L-1011, N310EA, Miami, Florida, December 29, 1972. NTSB Report Number: AAR-73-14, adopted on 06/14/1973 NTIS Report Number: PB-222359/2

A Peaceful Evacuation Essay

The purpose of this paper is to explain what leadership style Lieutenant Colonel Yaron exhibited as the commander of battalion for the evacuation operations. This paper will give three examples of his leadership action and behaviors. This paper will also analyze the leadership style that Lieutenant Colonel Daniel exhibited and give three examples of his leadership action and behaviors. It will discuss the pros and cons of each example given. This paper will then compare and contrast the two Lieutenants and it will take a look at the interrelationship using Jung theory and the four personality traits. Lieutenant Colonel Yaron There are many types of leadership styles one can only imagine what type of leader one would need to be in order to handle the difficult task at hand that Lieutenant Colonel Yaron had to encounter. Yaron displayed two types of leaders: directive and participative. During his trial on striving to gain a grasp on what he should do to make this project successful he had many face-to face meetings, telephone calls, and email communications with some top officers in the air force. He was very hands on when it came to approaching commanders of units so he could find suitable soldiers for his task. He even stated himself that he â€Å"finally felt direct openness and communication between the senior commander and his subordinates† (Laufer, 2012). Yaron needed that feeling that everyone was on the same page and he didn’t want to move forward with a plan until he knew that everyone one was. This was all a ploy to make sure that the morale level was at one and it worked just nicely. What makes Yarn a participative leader is him putting himself in the same situation that one of his soldiers may be in. for example the visited a home that one of his soldiers would be coming into soon to remove the people within. That experience made him see how settlers were emotionally and how to tell his soldiers how to address the settlers. It was that firsthand experience that made his mission a peaceful mission. The pros of being a directive leader in Yaron case is that he had open communication several departments so everyone was on the same page. This helped keep the lines of communication seamless so there should be no reason  to wonder what Yaron wanted and how he wanted to do it. The cons in having this time of leadership in Yaro n’s case is that there were many people that didn’t want to follow his plan at first. This could have caused people to rally up against him spread false word about him eventually driving him out of the position he was appointed to. Sometimes keeping information to oneself is half the battle won. Not everyone should know the cards that you hold in your hand. Yaron Him putting himself in the â€Å"battlefield† is great as far as experience is concerned. He was able to relate to the settlers and give that valuable information over to his battalion so they would be prepared. The best teacher is experience. The con of that could have been him being injured and now the army would have to find another leader to help the soldiers remove the settlers from Gaza. Being a leader at times means putting you self in harm’s way. Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Lieutenant Colonel Daniel style was that of consultative and participative leadership style. This is shown by Daniels working with a team of psychologist to help refine the guidelines for the evacuation project. He went through several think tanks to see what would work best for the mission at hand. Once he was able to find the best method he then set up workshops. â€Å"In these workshops, participates were trained to evacuate children and families form their home and to cope with the possibility of evacuation under fire and violence on the part of the settlers† (Laufer, 2012). Daniel was concerned about the mental and emotional well being of both the evacuators and evacuees. The cons of being this type of leader is it helps to display an culture of trust where the members of they team know that you have their best interest in mind and will make sure that any actions that are taken will help ensure you are protected and cared for. It also helps the leader serve as a figure he ad of the group and gains respect from the members of the group. The con to this is that it could be looked at as a weakness. Many times leaders have to make decisions that are not popular with the masses of the group. They make decisions that are bigger than the group but reaps a better benefit for the project as a whole. If a leader was to be so focused on their member’s feelings or concerns it could cloud their judgment and show weakness in their ability to make decisions. Lieutenant Colonel Yaron verse Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Lieutenant Colonel Yaron and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel have some leadership qualities in common such as they both care about their evacuators and evacuates. They both wanted to make sure that both parities involved understood the dynamics of what was attempting to be done and wanted both parties to be mentally and physically prepared of what may happen. Both Yaron and Daniel took advice from others around them to ensure they were making the best decision. They were not afraid to revamp and try another method in order to complete their mission. Also they both wanted a peaceful outcome of their removal of the Jews from Gaza. End the end the goal was clear to make sure both parties left unharmed and to have the least amount of confusion as possible. When looking at the differences in the leadership roles it safe to say that Yaron took this mission on as his own personal challenge, â€Å"Yaron, who perceived it as a personal challenge, immediately responded favorably and one week later was informed that the Air Force Commander had approved his appointment† (Laufer, 2012). Daniel on the other hand was just trying to help out the mission no personal attachments were needed for him. Yaron took on many roles as he was coming up with solution for the evacuation such as being apart of the planning team, training team and chief supplier. Yaron also differed from Daniels because he actually went out to meet evacuates to see how the felt and to see the environment that the soldiers would be working in. This is what gave him the upper hand on making his mission successful. He was afraid to do of him self what he asked his soldiers to do. Today both of these types of leaders still live today so it’s safe to say that they would lead in the same fashion as they did before. One is not better that the other though one should be over a different project than the other. The Jung theory and personality traits would consider individualism, these gentlemen acted as though they were content and satisfied with their outcome and decision made to retrieve their outcome, indicating individualism or persona being used. Both had some type of spirituality and or alchemy involved when making their decision, this can be seen by the sensitivity being used doing the evacuation process. Conclusion In conclusion Lieutenant Colonel Yarn and Lieutenants Colonel Daniel had many  personality traits in common and those that differed from each other. At the end of their evacuation both leaders used what traits they had within them to make the best possible decision that they both thought worked best for them and the members involved. This just goes to show that there is no wrong way to lead as long as everyone has the same goal to achieve. Reference: Laufer, A. (2012). Mastering the leadership role in project management: Practices that deliver remarkable results. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall-Pearson A Peaceful Evacuation Essay According to Vance Packard, leadership appears to be the art of getting others to want to do something that you are convinced should be done (Lewis, 2003). Leadership is a pertinent part of project management. James Lewis (2003) says leadership is not a position; it’s the ability to gain commitment from people. According to Professor Warren G. Bennis, â€Å"Leaders are people who do the right thing; managers are people who do things right†. The importance of leadership in a project is demonstrated in the case study, â€Å"A Peaceful Evacuation: Building a Multi-Project Team Battalion by Leading Upward†. This case study involves two leaders, who had similar, but mostly, different leadership styles and strategies. Lieutenant Colonels Yaron and Daniel were both put in charge of enforcing a Disengagement Plan brought forth by Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and finding the best course of action to evacuate settlements along the Gaza Strip. In this essay, I will a nalyze the leadership styles of Lieutenant Colonels Yaron and Daniel and provider three examples of the leadership actions and behaviors for each subject. This essay will then compare and contrast the Lieutenants and will examine the interrelationship using the four personality traits and the Jung theory. Lieutenant Colonel Daniel, the chief psychologist of the Southern Command, felt that research was the first step in the project. Daniel conducted searched to locate relevant information on the topic of evacuation to learn from the experience of the past (Laufer, 2012). In the case study, Daniel uses adaptive and participative leadership styles. An adaptive leadership style is a fluid style that takes into consideration the context of the environment and the individual being led. For example, Daniel says, â€Å"Due to the complex situation, we were concerned that the emotional burden on the soldiers would be too heavy†¦Our success will be measured by the ability to help find the correct balance between determination and sensitivity†. A participative leadership style seeks input from others and participates with those they are leading in the decision making process. An example of this leadership style is when Daniel gathered other Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) psychologists for a â€Å"day of thinking together,† with the objective of  expressing and listening to their different opinions about potential problems that may arise in the evacuation project (Laufer, 2012). Daniel’s strategy was to brainstorm to identify key issues and mitigate risks. He felt that preparation was the key to completing the mission. Daniel also used the term â€Å"we†, instead of â€Å"I†. His group of psychologists worked as team to identify how to execute the mission according to the government’s guidelines while ensuring that the damage incurred during the evacuation itself would be minimal. Lieutenant Colonel Yaron displayed two types of leadership styles: directive and participative. Directive style is telling people what to do and expecting them to jump right to it. It is one of the oldest styles and frequently called autocratic. Yaron was accustomed to being lead with this style so, in turn; he used the same leadership style to lead. Yaron was very hands-on and encouraged the battalion’s company commanders to initiate ongoing meetings with their soldiers. Yaron met, called and emailed with some of the top officers in the air force. He made immediate inquiries with the top colonels through face-to-face meetings, telephone calls, and email communication. Because of this style, Yaron found that the quality and motivation of certain staff fell far short of meeting his needs (Laufer, 2012). Yaron wanted to make sure that everyone was on the same page. Yaron is a participative leader because he went to tour the settlement first hand. He wanted to know what his batta lion would have to deal with. By visiting the settlement, Yaron realized that the mission could not be successful with average squad leaders. Squad leaders must be top notch because they will be the ones interacting with the people. A Peaceful Evacuation Essay Describe the leadership style that Lieutenant Colonel Yaron exhibited as the commander of a battalion for theevacuation operation. Provide three (3) examples of his leadership actions and behavior. Discuss the pros and cons in each example you describe to support the response. Analyze the leadership style that Lieutenant Colonel Daniel exhibited as he took center stage to lead this complex military operation. Provide three (3) examples of his leadership actions and behavior, assessing the pros and cons in each example you describe to support the response. Compare and contrast the leadership styles of Lieutenant Colonel Yaron and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel. Provide three (3) examples of the similarities and differences between these project leaders, and discuss how each leader might address contemporary leadership issues and challenges in Israel today. Discuss Lieutenant Colonel Yaron and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel interrelationship using Jung theory and the four (4) personality traits. Provide three (3) examples of how Lieutenant Colonel Yaron and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel personality and leadership style might enhance or hinder team performance for the complex military operation in this case study. Your assignment must: Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: Apply the concepts of project leadership to implement sound leadership practices and effectively lead high-performance teams in a project environment. Determine the most appropriate leadership style (e.g., directive, consultative, participative, or delegative) in a projectenvironment to effectively manage the project. Analyze the project team using Jung theory and the four personality traits to understand human  behavior and motivate team members Use technology and information resources to research issues in project management leadership. Write clearly and concisely about project management leadership using proper writing mechanics. A Peaceful Evacuation Essay Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explain what leadership style Lieutenant Colonel Yaron exhibited as the commander of battalion for the evacuation operations. This paper will give three examples of his leadership action and behaviors. This paper will also analyze the leadership style that Lieutenant Colonel Daniel exhibited and give three examples of his leadership action and behaviors. It will discuss the pros and cons of each example given. This paper will then compare and contrast the two Lieutenants and it will take a look at the interrelationship using Jung theory and the four personality traits. Lieutenant Colonel Yaron There are many types of leadership styles one can only imagine what type of leader one would need to be in order to handle the difficult task at hand that Lieutenant Colonel Yaron had to encounter. Yaron displayed two types of leaders: directive and participative. During his trial on striving to gain a grasp on what he should do to make this project successful he had many face-to face meetings, telephone calls, and email communications with some top officers in the air force. He was very hands on when it came to approaching commanders of units so he could find suitable soldiers for his task. He even stated himself that he â€Å"finally felt direct openness and communication between the senior commander and his subordinates† (Laufer, 2012). Yaron needed that feeling that everyone was on the same page and he didn’t want to move forward with a plan until he knew that everyone one was. This was all a ploy to make sure that the morale level was at one and it worked just nice ly. What makes Yarn a participative leader is him putting himself in the same situation that one of his soldiers may be in. for example the visited a home that one of his soldiers would be coming into soon to remove the people within. That experience made him see how settlers were emotionally and how to tell his soldiers how to address the settlers. It was that firsthand experience that made his mission a peaceful mission. The pros of being a directive leader in Yaron case is that he had open communication several departments so everyone was on the same page. This helped keep the lines of communication seamless so there should be no reason to wonder what Yaron wanted and how he wanted to do it. The cons in having this time of leadership in Yaron’s case is that there were many people that didn’t want to follow his plan at first. This could have caused people to rally up against him spread false word about him eventually driving him out of the position he was appointed to. Sometimes keeping information to oneself is half the battle won. Not everyone should know the cards that you hold in your hand. Yaron Him putting himself in the â€Å"battlefield† is great as far as experience is concerned. He was able to relate to the settlers and give that valuable information over to his battalion so they would be prepared. The best teacher is experience. The con of that could have been him being injured and now the army would have to find another leader to help the soldiers remove the settlers from Gaza. Being a leader at times means putting you self in harm’s way. Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Lieutenant Colonel Daniel style was that of consultative and participative leadership style. This is shown by Daniels working with a team of psychologist to help refine the guidelines for the evacuation project. He went through several think tanks to see what would work best for the mission at hand. Once he was able to find the best method he then set up workshops. â€Å"In these workshops, participates were trained to evacuate children and families form their home and to cope with the possibility of evacuation under fire and violence on the part of the settlers† (Laufer, 2012). Daniel was concerned about the mental and emotional well being of both the evacuators and evacuees. The cons of being this type of leader is it helps to display an culture of trust where the members of they team know that you have their best interest in mind and will make sure that any actions that are taken will help ensure you are protected and cared for. It also helps the leader serve as a figure he ad of the group and gains respect from the members of the group. The con to this is that it could be looked at as a weakness. Many times leaders have to make decisions that are not popular with the masses of the group. They make decisions that are bigger than the group but reaps a better benefit for the project as a whole. If a leader was to be so focused on their member’s feelings or concerns it could cloud their judgment and show weakness in their ability to make decisions. Lieutenant Colonel Yaron verse Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Lieutenant Colonel Yaron and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel have some leadership qualities in common such as they both care about their evacuators and evacuates. They both wanted to make sure that both parities involved understood the dynamics of what was attempting to be done and wanted both parties to be mentally and physically prepared of what may happen. Both Yaron and Daniel took advice from others around them to ensure they were making the best decision. They were not afraid to revamp and try another method in order to complete their mission. Also they both wanted a peaceful outcome of their removal of the Jews from Gaza. End the end the goal was clear to make sure both parties left unharmed and to have the least amount of confusion as possible. When looking at the differences in the leadership roles it safe to say that Yaron took this mission on as his own personal challenge, â€Å"Yaron, who perceived it as a personal challenge, immediately responded favorably and one week later was informed that the Air Force Commander had approved his appointment† (Laufer, 2012). Daniel on the other hand was just trying to help out the mission no personal attachments were needed for him. Yaron took on many roles as he was coming up with solution for the evacuation such as being apart of the planning team, training team and chief supplier. Yaron also differed from Daniels because he actually went out to meet evacuates to see how the felt and to see the environment that the soldiers would be working in. This is what gave him the upper hand on making his mission successful. He was afraid to do of him self what he asked his soldiers to do. Today both of these types of leaders still live today so it’s safe to say that they would lead in the same fashion as they did before. One is not better that the other though one should be over a different project than the other. The Jung theory and personality traits would consider individualism, these gentlemen acted as though they were content and satisfied with their outcome and decision made to retrieve their outcome, indicating individualism or persona being used. Both had some type of spirituality and or alchemy involved when making their decision, this can be seen by the sensitivity being used doing the evacuation process. Conclusion In conclusion Lieutenant Colonel Yarn and Lieutenants Colonel Daniel had many  personality traits in common and those that differed from each other. At the end of their evacuation both leaders used what traits they had within them to make the best possible decision that they both thought worked best for them and the members involved. This just goes to show that there is no wrong way to lead as long as everyone has the same goal to achieve. Reference: Laufer, A. (2012). Mastering the leadership role in project management: Practices that deliver remarkable results. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall-Pearson