Sexual Orientation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexual Orientation - Essay Example The legal rights of homosexual couples is often the first subject touched upon in the argument for the legalization of gay marriage. The Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution declares that states are prohibited from altering the privileges and rights of American citizens, including marriage (Walzer 56). When individual states attempt to make gay marriage illegal, they go against this amendment; these states deny rights based on sexual orientation, which is prohibited by the Constitution. As such, many states have offered homosexual couples the opportunity to join in civil unions, legal bindings that are similar to marriage, though they often do not come with the same perks, such as adoption or aspects pertaining to financial security. According to people that are against gay marriage, the institution of marriage can only be between a man and a woman. Most people back this up with religions and biblical scriptures, claiming that it simply is not right for a same-sex c ouple to be romantically involved with each other (Fejes 217). Due to this, it is considered to be a sin for a homosexual couple to exist, let alone for the couple to become married.

Mechanical Barriers to Communication

Mechanical Barriers to Communication Any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person information about that persons needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional; it may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or non-linguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes. Organisations cannot operate without communication. Communication can take various forms but all forms involve the transfer of information from one party to the other. In order for the transfer of information to qualify as communication, the recipient must understand the meaning of the information transferred to them. If the recipient does not understand the meaning of the information conveyed to them, communication has not taken place. Communication is the life source of organisations because organisations involve people. People cannot interact with each other without communication. In the absence of communication, everything would grind to a halt. For example; the workers in an organisation would not know the organisations objectives so they would not strive to achieve the organisations objectives. The workers in an organisation would not know what their roles and responsibilities were, so they would not be able to carry out their daily tasks and duties. The managers would not be able to train their workers reports so the workers would not possess the skills they needed to carry out their jobs. The managers would not be able to inform workers of changes The organisation would not be aware of their competitors activities On the whole people are able to communicate with each other as this is a basic human function. However successful organisations strive not only for communication but effective communication. Interpersonal Communication This is defined as communication between two or more people and involves the transfer of information (or message) from one person to the other(s). The person transferring the information is called the sender or transmitter. The people receiving the message are known as receivers. The transmitter will need to send the information in a format that the receiver(s) will understand. Converting the information into a format that the receivers will understand is known as Encoding. Messages can be encoded into a variety of formats oral, written or visual. After encoding the message is transferred via a medium called a channel, for example a letter, fax, phone call, or e-mail. After transference the information will need to be interpreted by the receiver. This process of interpretation is known as decoding. Finally the receiver will send a message back to the transmitter confirming whether the information sent has been understood. This back check is known as feedback. The communication process involves seven key elements as illustrated in the diagram below. Why you need to get your message across Effective communication is all about conveying your messages to other people clearly and unambiguously. Its also about receiving information that others are sending to you, with as little distortion as possible. Doing this involves effort from both the sender of the message and the receiver. And its a process that can be fraught with error, with messages muddled by the sender, or misinterpreted by the recipient. When this isnt detected, it can cause tremendous confusion, wasted effort and missed opportunity. In fact, communication is only successful when both the sender and the receiver understand the same information as a result of the communication. By successfully getting your message across, you convey your thoughts and ideas effectively. When not successful, the thoughts and ideas that you actually send do not necessarily reflect what you think, causing a communications breakdown and creating roadblocks that stand in the way of your goals both personally and professionally. In a recent survey of recruiters from companies with more than 50,000 employees, communication skills were cited as the single more important decisive factor in choosing managers. The survey, conducted by the University of Pittsburghs Katz Business School, points out that communication skills, including written and oral presentations, as well as an ability to work with others, are the main factor contributing to job success. In spite of the increasing importance placed on communication skills, many individuals continue to struggle, unable to communicate their thoughts and ideas effectively whether in verbal or written format. This inability makes it nearly impossible for them to compete effectively in the workplace, and stands in the way of career progression. Being able to communicate effectively is therefore essential if you want to build a successful career. To do this, you must understand what your message is, what audience you are sending it to, and how it will be perceived. You must also weigh-in the circumstances surrounding your communications, such as situational and cultural context. The Communications Process To be an effective communicator and to get your point across without misunderstanding and confusion, your goal should be to lessen the frequency of problems at each stage of this process, with clear, concise, accurate, well-planned communications. We follow the process through below: Source As the source of the message, you need to be clear about why youre communicating, and what you want to communicate. You also need to be confident that the information youre communicating is useful and accurate. Message The message is the information that you want to communicate. Encoding This is the process of transferring the information you want to communicate into a form that can be sent and correctly decoded at the other end. Your success in encoding depends partly on your ability to convey information clearly and simply, but also on your ability to anticipate and eliminate sources of confusion (for example, cultural issues, mistaken assumptions, and missing information.) A key part of this knows your audience: Failure to understand who you are communicating with will result in delivering messages that are misunderstood. Channel Messages are conveyed through channels, with verbal channels including face-to-face meetings, telephone and videoconferencing; and written channels including letters, emails, memos and reports. Different channels have different strengths and weaknesses. For example, its not particularly effective to give a long list of directions verbally, while youll quickly cause problems if you give someone negative feedback using email. Decoding Just as successful encoding is a skill, so is successful decoding (involving, for example, taking the time to read a message carefully, or listen actively to it.) Just as confusion can arise from errors in encoding, it can also arise from decoding errors. This is particularly the case if the decoder doesnt have enough knowledge to understand the message. Receiver Your message is delivered to individual members of your audience. No doubt, you have in mind the actions or reactions you hope your message will get from this audience. Keep in mind, though, that each of these individuals enters into the communication process with ideas and feelings that will undoubtedly influence their understanding of your message, and their response. To be a successful communicator, you should consider these before delivering your message, and act appropriately. Feedback Your audience will provide you with feedback, as verbal and nonverbal reactions to your communicated message. Pay close attention to this feedback, as it is the only thing that can give you confidence that your audience has understood your message. If you find that there has been a misunderstanding, at least you have the opportunity to send the message a second time. Context The situation in which your message is delivered is the context. This may include the surrounding environment or broader culture (corporate culture, international cultures, and so on). Barriers of Communication 1. Physical barriers Physical barriers in the workplace include: Marked out territories, empires and fiefdoms into which strangers are not allowed Closed office doors, barrier screens, separate areas for people of different status Large working areas or working in one unit that is physically separate from others. Research shows that one of the most important factors in building cohesive teams is proximity. As long as people still have a personal space that they can call their own, nearness to others aids communication because it helps us get to know one another. 2. Perceptual barriers The problem with communicating with others is that we all see the world differently. If we didnt, we would have no need to communicate: something like extrasensory perception would take its place. The following anecdote is a reminder of how our thoughts, assumptions and perceptions shape our own realities: A traveller was walking down a road when he met a man from the next town. Excuse me, he said. I am hoping to stay in the next town tonight. Can you tell me what the townspeople are like? Well, said the townsman, how did you find the people in the last town you visited? Oh, they were an irascible bunch. Kept to themselves. Took me for a fool. Over-charged me for what I got. Gave me very poor service. Well, then, said the townsman, youll find them pretty much the same  here. 3. Emotional barriers One of the chief barriers to open and free communications is the emotional barrier. It is comprised mainly of fear, mistrust and suspicion. The roots of our emotional mistrust of others lie in our childhood and infancy when we were taught to be careful what we said to others. Mind your Ps and Qs; Dont speak until youre spoken to; Children should be seen and not heard. As a result many people hold back from communicating their thoughts and feelings to others. They feel vulnerable. While some caution may be wise in certain relationships, excessive fear of what others might think of us can stunt our development as effective communicators and our ability to form meaningful relationships. 4. Cultural barriers When we join a group and wish to remain in it, sooner or later we need to adopt the behaviour patterns of the group. These are the behaviours that the group accept as signs of belonging. The group rewards such behaviour through acts of recognition, approval and inclusion. In groups which are happy to accept you, and where you are happy to conform, there is a mutuality of interest and a high level of win-win contact. Where, however, there are barriers to your membership of a group, a high level of game-playing replaces good communication. 5. Language barriers Language that describes what we want to say in our terms may present barriers to others who are not familiar with our expressions, buzz-words and jargon. When we couch our communication in such language, it is a way of excluding others. In a global market place the greatest compliment we can pay another person is to talk in their language. One of the more chilling memories of the Cold War was the threat by the Soviet leader Nikita Khruschev saying to the Americans at the United Nations: We will bury you! This was taken to mean a threat of nuclear annihilation. However, a more accurate reading of Khruschevs words would have been: We will overtake you! meaning economic superiority. It was not just the language, but the fear and suspicion that the West had of the Soviet Union that led to the more alarmist and sinister interpretation. 6. Gender barriers There are distinct differences between the speech patterns in a man and those in a woman. A woman speaks between 22,000 and 25,000 words a day whereas a man speaks between 7,000 and 10,000. In childhood, girls speak earlier than boys and at the age of three, have a vocabulary twice that of boys. The reason for this lies in the wiring of a mans and womans brains. When a man talks, his speech is located in the left side of the brain but in no specific area. When a woman talks, the speech is located in both hemispheres and in two specific locations. This means that a man talks in a linear, logical and compartmentalised way, features of left-brain thinking; whereas a woman talks more freely mixing logic and emotion, features of both sides of the brain. It also explains why women talk for much longer than men each day. Removing Barriers at All These Stages To deliver your messages effectively, you must commit to breaking down the barriers that exist within each of these stages of the communication process. Lets begin with the message itself. If your message is too lengthy, disorganized, or contains errors, you can expect the message to be misunderstood and misinterpreted. Use of poor verbal and body language can also confuse the message. Barriers in context tend to stem from senders offering too much information too fast. When in doubt here, less is oftentimes more. It is best to be mindful of the demands on other peoples time, especially in todays ultra-busy society. Once you understand this, you need to work to understand your audiences culture, making sure you can converse and deliver your message to people of different backgrounds and cultures within your own organization, in your country and even abroad. Barrier refers to something non physical that keeps apart or prevents activity, movement so on. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ Types of Barriers Physical mechanical barriers Language or Semantic barriers Socio-psychological barriers Organisational barriers Personal barriers 1- Physical Mechanical Barriers Noise It is the disruption or interference in communication process anywhere along the way. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ Noise though of varying degree, disturbs or interferes with communication. Whatever that distracts the receivers attention causes communication breakdown. Noise can be physical psychological. Physical distractions or disturbances such as loud speakers, gossip etc., draw the attention of the receiver. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ Psychological noise is related to mental disturbances like ego clash, pre occupied thoughts, hang over, anxiety. DISTANCE Long distances between the sender the receivers can also obstruct effective communication TIME Time refers to the reaching of message. If an important message reaches late it is sure to affect communication. INFORMATION OVERLOAD It refers to excessive transmission of information. Much more information than what the receiver can process is transmitted to him/her. The receiver can ·t understand , digest, analyze act upon information overload that is beyond mental capacity. MECHANICAL BARRIERS Outdated machines equipment may produce excessive noise leading to physical barriers in communication. Distraction like background noise, poor lighting., affect the morale of the employees also obstruct effective communication. 2- SEMANTIC OR LANGUAGE BARRIER UNCLEAR MESSAGE Lack of clarity in message makes it badly expressed. poorly chosen empty word , phrases, inadequate vocabulary, failure to clarify implications etc., are some common faults found. FAULTY TRANSLATION The message that every manager receives from his superiors, peers, subordinates must be translated into language suitable for the respective person( for whom the information is destined). SPECIALISTS LANGUAGE It is often found that technical personnel special groups tend to develop a special, peculiar technical language of their own. It hinders their communication with persons not in their specialty, because of the receivers ignorance of that type of language. 3- SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION Perceptual barriers may arise due to differences between individuals in the way they perceive, organize understand their environment. DIFFERENCES IN ATTITUDE People differ with regard to attitudes opinions which often interfere with communication. If the message is consistent with our attitudes opinions we receive it favorably. INATTENTION Communication has no impact on those who are unable or unwilling to listen. If people do not pay the required degree of attention to listening understanding the messages they are supposed to receive. PREMATURE EVALUATION Some people form a judgment before receiving the complete message. Such premature evaluation prevents effective communication. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ RESISTANCE TO CHANGE when new ideas are being communicated, the listening apparatus may act as a filter in rejecting new ideas. Thus resistance to change is an important obstacle to effective communication. CULTURAL DIFFERENCE Cultural refers to values, beliefs, norms, attitudes perceptions of people of different nations or regions. Symbols, words, colors, gestures, language must be carefully selected when senders of information are dealing with people of different nations regions. 4- ORGANISATIONAL BARRIERS STATUS RELATIONSHIP ONE WAY FLOW ORGANISATION STRUCTURE RULES REGULATIONS 5- PERSONAL BARRIERS ATTITUDE OF SUPERIOR- the attitude of superiors towards communication affects the flow of messages in different directions. LACK OF CONFIDENCE IN SUBORDINATES LACK OF TIME MESSAGE OVERLOAD Barriers to effective Communication (leaky bucket) At each stage in the process encoding, transference, and decoding there is the possibility of interference which may hinder the communication process. This interference is known as noise. Often a comparison is made between communication and a leaky bucket. If you use a leaky bucket to carry water, water will be lost at various points in your journey from the water tap to your destination. It is not possible to stop losing water because the bucket contains holes. The amount of water you will lose will be determined by the number of holes in the bucket, the size of the holes, the route you take to your final destination and length of time it takes you to get to your destination. There may also be other events that occur during your journey which increase the amount of water lost. Similarly when information is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver not all of the information may be received by the receiver because of holes called noise. Each of the noise may be affect the amou nt of information transferred. Just as in a leaky bucket, more holes decrease the amount of water, more noise decreases the amount of correct information received. Language issues and Cultural Differences The receiver(s) may not (fully) understand the language used by the transmitter. This may occur if the transmitters language is foreign to the receiver. There may also be language problems (that the communication process) if the message contains technical information and the receivers is not familiar with the technical terms used. Cultural differences created by an individuals background and experience affect their perception of the world. Such cultural differences may affect the interpretation (decoding) of the message sent. Environmental issues If the environment that the transmitter or receiver are in, is noisy and full of sound, the sounds may prevent the message being fully understood. Background noise is often created by colleagues or machinery. Channel issues If the channel used to transfer the information is poor it may prevent all or some of the information being transferred. Examples include a faulty fax machine, a crackling phone, handwriting that cannot be read or in the case of oral messages incorrect facial gestures. Receivers Attitude and behavior If the receiver(s) is not interested in the message (or unable to give their full attention to decoding) this may reduce the amount of information received or the accuracy of the information transmitted to them. Similarly the receiver(s) may misinterpret the message by jumping to conclusions or reading the message in a manner that suits their own interests/objectives and distort the true meaning of the message. Transmission journey i.e. steps in the message, If the message is complicated or there are lots of steps taken to transfer the message it may affect the accuracy or interpretation. Comparing with the leaky bucket if the leaky bucket has to carry water over a longer distance more water will probably lost than if the journey was shorter. Internal / Organisational Communication This is communication that takes place within (or across) an organisation. In addition to the usual face to face, telephone, fax or mail; modern organisations may use technology to communicate internally. Technology may be used for e-mails or a linked internal communication system such as the intranet which is an internet system designed solely for use by those working for the organisation. External Communications Conversely external communication is communication between the organisation and those outside the organisation. Modern organisations may design technological systems so that they can communicate with customers and undertake e-Commerce. Alternatively they communicate with other businesses through the internet or similar systems and undertake e-Business. Functions of Internal and External Communications Technology has rapidly expanded the types of internal and external communication available to organisations. The diagram illustrates the vast array of internal and external communication available. Combined together internal and external types of communications allow various sectors of the local, national and international community to interact, liaise and conduct business. Formal and Informal Communications Formal communication is defined as communication which occurs through the official organisational channels or is undertaken by an employee to do their job. For example official meetings, letters and a manager asking an employee to carry out a particular task. Conversely informal communication is that which occurs outside the recognised communication networks such as talking in the lunchroom or hallways between employees. Informal communication can be productive or negative. It has the potential to build teams, improve working relationships and generate ideas as employees are in a relaxed environment. Upward and Downward Communications Downward communication is communication created by directors and managers and passed down the hierarchy of workers in the organisation. In traditional organisations this is the preferred method of communication ie Managers decide what the systems, rules and procedures will be and then they pass these down to employees they manage and supervise. Downward Communication can increase efficiency by synchronising organisational procedures and can ensure that everybody is working towards the same overall aims and objectives. Types of downward communication include job descriptions, appraisals/evaluations, organisational policy, and organisational systems. Although there are advantages to downward communication organisations have began to encourage upward communication. This is communication which originates at the lower level of the employment hierarchy and is then communicated up through the line. Organisations encouraging upward communication believe that everybody is capable of generating thoughts and ideas which may help the organisation to progress, particularly when they are working closely in the area that the idea applies to. Upward communication may increase motivation and make employees feel valued and respected whilst enabling managers to understand how employees are feeling. Furthermore if problems occur at they are more likely to be identified earlier by those working closely in the area that they occur. Types of upward communications include suggestion schemes, feedback forums/surveys, grievance procedures and employee-manager discussions. Lateral Communication This is communication that occurs between employees on the same level in the organisation. As this can involve decision making it can create efficiency as employees do not have to wait for managerial approval. On the other hand if the manager is not kept informed or if the manager fails to set boundaries there is potential for conflict. Diagonal Communication This occurs when communication occurs between workers in a different section of the organisation and where one of the workers involved is on a higher level in the organisation. For example in a bank diagonal communication will occur when a department manager in head office converses with a cashier in a branch of the bank based on the high street. TELECOMMUNICATIONS GLOSSARY Term Definition Telecommunication Communication between parties based in different locations by using a cable, telephone, broadcast or a telegraph. Networking Linking to or more computers together so that information and facilities can be shared. Computers in the same room may be linked together or the organisation may decide to link, computers in different parts of the world together. Local Area Network (LAN) Computers linked by a network without the use of telecommunications. Often the computers linked are based in the same location, group of buildings or site. Wide Area Network (WAN)    Computers linked by a network using telecommunications. Often the computers linked are based in different locations. Teleconferencing    Through the use of telecommunication devices such as video link participants based in different locations communicating is known as teleconferencing. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Computer networks used to exchange standard business transaction documents between organisations. QUESTION 3 How might a manager use the GRAPEVINE to his or her advantage? First of all the definition of grapevine is that it is the unofficial way that communication takes place within the organization. It is neither supported nor authorized by the organization. It can also be called gossip. As we know many gossips have no factual bases at all; most of them however do. A manager can use grapevine to his or her advantage if it is an organization where people are used to get their information from these sources. And of course it would be a lie to say that most of us dont gossip, or listen to them at least occasionally, especially if it involves us. Bad information spreads a lot faster than good news, so the information gets to employees real fast. It can happen by a word of mouth, or recently more frequently by electronic means. If an organization is based on honesty, these grapevine information can be a lot more accurate than in an organization that is based on an authoritative culture. Usually there is always some truth to it however. Rumours about major lay-offs, plant closings, and the like may be filled with accurate information regarding who will be affected and when it may occur. This truth component is what a manager can use to his or her benefit. Most employees know that if there is any kind of grapevine information circling in the company, whatever its about can be true. If a manager for example wants to influence employees to work harder, or put more effort into it, he or she can simply start a new gossip, or encourage an existing one about lay-offs that might involve their department. Im not saying this is a nice way to do this, but if nothing else works, why not. This is however not the sign of the good manager, because he or she should be able to use other methods of motivation. A good leader needs to be able to exert high level of effort from his or her employees by motivating them in different ways. Another way of looking grapevine information is its usefulness in supplementing formal information channels. It provides a way for employees to communicate their imaginations and inputs to a certain issue. If management is not really doing a good job with communicating with employees about what is going on in an organization, then grapevine can satisfy these natural needs for information. Grapevine is a healthy human desire to communicate. It is the informal communication channel within the organization. Managers have to acknowledge this fact, and try to use it to their own advantage. Managers interested in creating good communication within the organization will use grapevine as a mean to improve it. The real value of grapevine should be to management is that it reveals issues that generate from those whom interested in or effected by it. Managers can also participate in grapevine. They can be filters, who monitor the information and forward to upper management only the valuable and important components. Grapevine usually pops up during times of uncertain times; therefore management has to make sure that it is providing enough information about important issues. The longer the rumour goes around, the hardest it is to control, so management had to intervene quickly if it wants to avoid its damaging effects. The fact is that grapevine is exists within organizations, and they always have a truth component to them. Management therefore can use them to their own benefits, as a compliment to the official and formal channels of information. How to use the Grapevine effectively in business organizations? Grapevine is an informal channel of business communication. It is called so because it stretches throughout the organization in all directions irrespective of the authority levels. The management can use grapevine to supplement the formal channels of communication. Though it carries some degree of error and distortion, efforts can be made to correct it. Ignoring the grapevine is nothing but to ignore a valuable source of communication. The management can eliminate its negative consequences and, at the same time, it can nourish its positive benefits. The managers have to learn to manage and control it. 1. The management can open up all the channels of organizational communication to present the facts positively before the employees and ther

Legalizing Prostitution Essay -- Prostitution, Sex, Security

Catherine Smith is a single 42 year old woman with two children. Her job as a secretary is no longer sufficient enough to cover her bills. She does not have a college degree and her job will not cover any part of tuition if she does decide to attend college. One night, while coming home late from work, she noticed women walking around on the street counting their earnings for the night. That is when she acquired the idea to become a prostitute. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines prostitution as the act or practice of engaging in promiscuous sexual relations in exchange for money. These type of situations occur on a daily basis. Some women really enjoy having sex, so why wouldn’t they want payment for it as well. Prostitution should be legalized in the United States. Prostitution is looked down on as an immoral activity. Some people do not even consider it to be a profession. It is indeed morally wrong but maybe it is considered so because of social norms. Women who participate in this profession are seen as harlots and tramps and a disgraceful member of society. Some of these women are addicted to drugs, they have no other choice but to be involved in the profession while others have been coerced into it. Most of their backgrounds involve terrible role models while others have parents that forced them into doing these acts. Prostitution is an internationally known trade. Internationally this trade can be found anywhere from Bangladesh to China. It is known to go back as far as 2400 BC. Within this historically and largely practiced trade comes several types of prostitution; Child prostitution, street, brothels, private, door knock, Citizens Band (CB) radio, individual, survival, and sex for drugs. Child prostitution is... ...measure, but if fine-tuned correctly and if prostitutes are taken into account then it sure will help bring down rates. Works Cited Clemmit, Marcia. â€Å"Prostitution Debate.† CQ Press. 18.19 (2008): 435-438. CQ Researcher. Web. 16 Oct. 2015. Milstein, Susan A. Taking Sides Clashing Views in Human Sexuality. Ed. William J. Taverner and Ryan W. McKee. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print. Sanders, Teela, Maggie O’Neil, and Jane Pitcher. Prostitution: Sex Work, Policy, and Politics. London: SAGE, 2009. eBook Collection. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. Wurth, Margaret H, et al., â€Å"Condoms as Evidence of Prostitution in the United States and the Criminalization of Sex Work.† Journal of the International AIDS Society. 16.1 (2013): 1 - 3. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Oct. 2015. Clark, Charles S. â€Å"Prostitution.† 3.22 (1993): n. pag. CQ Researcher. Web. 23 Oct. 2015

Future of Investment Banking

Future of Investment Banks is extremely relevant topic for today’s studies. This type of banks institutions plays one of the main roles, being circulating element in the whole body of financial system. Vital role guaranteed by the abilities to help clients to raise capital through debts, equity or other potential deals. Needless to note that investment banks are those privileged institutions that are involved in processes of mergers and acquisitions. Concern about future of such an important investment banks are brought up by relatively recent events in bank sector of the economy.Even when BNP Paribas signaled that they had problems with properly pricing its book of subprime related bonds, a lot of experts were starting to worry. Chain of events is noticeable because of Lehman Brothers’ collapse as well. And nowadays questions of the development perspectives of investment banks increased dramatically. In attempts to describe possible development perspectives of investme nt banks, following picture can be drawn. First of all, it’s given that quantity of â€Å"investment banks† already decreased.It’ better to describe it as consolidation process with a lesser amount of big banks and more small boutiques. Acquisition of JP Morgan in massive less effective structure proves this argument. Second, the problem of maturity gap should be solved. Dealing with asymmetric by the means of Repurchasing Agreements is not acceptable anymore due to the lack of trust. Moreover, asset/liability mismatch is risky and hard to control. Therefore it’s important to relay on long-term funding such as deposits. The next gesture of brush is certainly about the regulation issue.Industry experienced some sort of deregulation caused by Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which had replaced Glass-Steagall Act. Thus, commercial banks with more conservative structure noticeably had gotten closer to investment banks with all their risk-taker items. Good example is i llustrated by Citigroup, where blend of banking, security and insurance may be observed. Separation should be supported for the purpose of avoiding conflicts of interests which incurred in internal environment of financial institutions.Next thing to observe in order to fulfill the forecast of development perspective of investment banks has to deal with bonuses in sector. There are no doubts, that people who worked on the field of investment are really hard-working folks, dedicated to their job more than ten hours a day including weekends. Nevertheless, they play with â€Å"other people’s money† which imposes responsibilities that cannot be overestimated. It means that extensive impact may occur in case of unsuccessful activities but not for the trader.Bonuses should be limited. Motivation program should involve not only bonuses for profits but also some sort of provisions/allowances in undesirable case of losses. Discretion will inevitably lead to more risk aversion be havior. Actually, risk conservative approach is required all around banking due to elimination of the financial crisis threats. Before summing up, all the activities, that should be done for the future of the investment banks, there is one thing that will occur no matter what.It is something about experience that of course deserves to be thought of. Lessons learned from the significant episodes of financial crisis are really valuable. People will become more rational, especially in terms of dealing with unknown instruments like CDOs, CDO^2s and others. Arguments presented in this paper are supposed to support the idea of investment baking’s evolution. Despite the common concerns, the industry will survive, because of the never-ending demand of raising money

Discussion on the Civil Rights Movement

1. How were black people prevented from voting despite the provisions of the Fifteenth Amendment?The 15th amendment was intended to prohibit discrimination against voters on the basis of race or prior situations entailing servitude. Preceding the implementation of the amendment, each individual state had full authority to govern voter qualifications, and hence prohibited African Americans from voting. The primary objectives behind the 15th amendment were to establish Republican authority over the North and South, which would be accomplished with the votes of African Americans. The proposition passed in 1869, and was approved by the majority of states in 1870. In a sense, the amendment was both successful and ineffective. Despite the fact that African Americans had the freedom to vote, resistance from those who opposed the amendment was strong. Opposition fought in many ways from violent voter intimidation to the establishment of grandfather clauses and poll taxes. This discouragement puts Africans Americans desiring to vote at a disadvantage, and the intimidation often kept them out of the polling booths.2. Describe the process by which the separation between white and black Americans developed and was institutionalized throughout the South in the late 19th century.Following the thirteenth amendment which abolished slavery in the United States, discrimination on the basis of race became a common occurrence by means of the establishment of the Jim Crow laws. These laws required the severe segregation of individuals based on racial background. To be specific, the Jim Crow laws led to the segregation of the military, public schools, public transportation, restrooms and restaurants for Africans Americans and whites, and were enacted from 1876 to 1965.These were not to be confused with the Black Codes from 1800 to 1866, which limited the civil rights and liberties of African Americans. By 1954, segregated educational institutions sponsored by the state were deemed u nconstitutional. By 1968, segregation was deemed unconstitutional, and it was disbanded by 1970. Racial discrimination in schools, businesses, the military, and the government became unlawful. Furthermore, separate bathrooms, drinking fountains and schools have vanished altogether in part due to the civil rights movement.3. Assess the impact of President Roosevelt’s New Deal programs on African Americans and the role of African Americans in his administrations. Be sure to comment on positive and negative impacts on African Americans.Roosevelt’s New Deal has three primary objectives. The first was to aid the millions of Americans in financial suffering. The second was to boost the economy, and the third was to pass new laws in order to reduce the number of poor. The New Deal was also known as the three R’s: relief, recovery and reform. Many relief measures were established in a great effort to provide jobs to thousands of men, as well as agencies that gave money to the states to assist the very poor. Two laws were also implemented in an attempt to aid economic recovery. The first founded the National Recovery Administration, which would bring together businesses, employees, and the government in an effort to control competition amid businesses and protect workers seeking to organize unions. This particular goal, however, proved to be unsuccessful, as it favored only large businesses, most of which failed to follow the codes.4. Of the many African-American heroes and heroines in the 1940s and 1950s, which of them had the greatest impact on American society and why?In my personal belief, Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) had the greatest impact on American Society. From 1957 to 1968, King traveled more than six million miles and spoke more than twenty five hundred times wherever he felt there existed injustice, riots and activity. King was the author of five books, and published several articles. â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† w as one particular work which caught the attention of many across the globe.He directed many â€Å"peaceful† protests (marches), one of which brought 250,000 people to Washington D.C. where he gave his infamous speech, â€Å"I Have a Dream†. King was arrested more than twenty times, but was nevertheless awarded five honorary degrees and named Man of the Year by Time magazine in 1963. At the mere age of 35, King was the youngest man to ever receive a Nobel Peace Prize. Assassinated in 1968, King will always remain a leader among African Americans for his relentless efforts in fighting for the civil rights and liberties of blacks in his time.5. What role did â€Å"ordinary† or local people play in the civil rights movement? How did children contribute to the overall struggle for social change?Many children contributed to the struggle for equality among blacks and whites in America. For instance, students participated in a sit-in on February 1st of 1960. The inciden t took place at Woolworth’s store in Greensboro, North Carolina, where four students (originally from an all-black college) sat at the segregated lunch counter to protest the policy of excluding blacks. The sit-in inspired many more of its kind throughout various other states such as Georgia and Tennessee. Furthermore, many â€Å"ordinary† locals played a role in the civil rights movement.Freedom rides in 1961 for example were a means of protesting the segregation on interstate buses in the south. Eventually, these activists succeeded at ending segregation for passengers participating in inter-sate travel. Black voter registration organizing was another means by which local citizens could participate in the civil rights movement. This involved an organization that would assist black voters with registering, and to build organizations within the community. Clearly, without the participation from locals, these plans would have never been successful.6. Why do to white Ame ricans tend to live longer than black Americans? How has the black community dealt with the problems of AIDs/HIV?The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention discovered that 48% of African American women and 39% of African American men in the United States were infected with genital herpes in comparison with the general U.S. figures of 21% and 11.5%.The AIDS epidemic has spread swiftly amid the African American population. By 1988, half of all AIDS cases identified in females in the United States were of African Americans.One of the first groups to assist in gaining awareness of the AIDS epidemic among African Americans was the group, BWMT (Black and White Men Together), a gay community group based in San Francisco. The group also gave rise to America’s first black AIDS organization, the National Task Force on AIDS Prevention. There are many social and economic factors that have led to higher levels of sexual HIV transmission amid African Americans. Higher levels of ST Ds among blacks for instance, ease sexual transmission of HIV.

The Key Features that Make Your Essay Analytical

The Key Features that Make Your Essay Analytical The Key Features that Make Your Essay Analytical Analytical essays require an intensive comprehension writing on a given subject, topic or subtopic. Such kind of academic paper usually starts with understanding the topic under discussion broadly and paying a lot of attention to the key aspects of it. Analytical essay writing involves thorough consideration of information on the content matter of the topic which is being discussed. The subject matter may be expressed by a question, phrase, proverb or an idiom. Also, a good analysis of the topic under study is attained by understanding what the audience wants from the study and which conclusions must be drawn. Instructions on writing vary depending on the nature of the assignment, but the aim remains the same: to research and analyze the given scope of information and bring about consistent conclusion. Some analytical topics require intensive reading while others require carrying out a project and doing a research. Therefore, the content matter differs per the topic studied. The effectiveness of analytical essays depends on the topic, subtopic or a phrase and other inclusive aspects of the assignment. This academic paper should have central analytical statements or research questions which the whole essay broadly revolves around. Moreover, analytical essays should have a personal opinion on the target group of the audience. They must end with references and examples on the information presented from other sources because work cited helps to judge and compare the information and find out how relevant it is with the content matter of the topic studied. These examples can also be used as a guide in conveying the subject in a better way. During presentation of an analytical essay, it’s crucial to evaluate the type and nature of the audience to address. To deliver the information under a certain topic in an efficient and effective manner, factors to consider are: language to use, writing style, conditions used and the target audience preferences. A well-presented analytical essay should display the basic formal rules that are followed during presentation because this way it shows the level of the skill-set the writer possess. It surely enables the reader and the audience to have a general overview of the ideas and in depth content of the subject matter of the topic under discussion. The main factor that alters the effective performance of an analytical essay is narrating when organizing your writing. You should definitely consider making a difference between describing details, analysis delivery and reference materials not to be taken unawares. In conclusion always follow your work to ensure that you are not out of the topic and give only already analyzed useful information. Do you need analytical essay writing help from experts? You have just found the best place to get it online. Contact our writing service now!

The Rwandan Genocide essays

The Rwandan Genocide essays Sacrifice as Terror is witnessed from an anthropologist's perspective. This book, by Christopher C. Taylor, attempts to find reasoning for such a horrible consequence of genocide. He struggles to interpret the meaning of terror in another cultures eyes. What grounds could lead a culture to the genocide of another, especially two that are so relatively close? Taylor challenges this question by writing on his experiences during his two-year visit to (1993-1994) Rwanda. Genocide is not uncommon, he discovers. It is something that the Jews, Gypsies, and Bosnians have experienced. The author introduces the book by telling his personal experiences in efforts to share the terror that he encountered. After the introduction, in a non-biased fashion, Taylor is trying to capture and explain the concept of mass violence. The atrocities that took place during the Rwandan genocide showed how sacrifice and terror are culturally defined. This topic is appropriate because it helps gain insig ht of conflict within culture. This story of ethnic conflict begins with two small African countries of Rwanda and Burundi. About 80-85% were Hutu, 15-20% were Tutsi, and less than 1% were Twa. The Twa was the lowest class, and they were often short or stocky. Above the Twa were the Hutu. The Hutu were of mid-height and average weight. The reigning class was the Tutsi. The Tutsi were very tall, thin, and small featured. Taylor discusses the ideology of the Rwandan extremist, which is the 'Hamitic hypothesis.' The Hamatic Hypothesis, which was a European influence made way for radicals to create ethnic stereotypes. Hutu and the Tutsi began to conceive and carry out these thoughts. German Colonists decided to rule (Ruanda-Urundi) Rwanda and Burundi by means of the Tutsi. This went on for 20 years. The Europeans helped in the rise of the Tutsi. This oppressed the two lower classes, the Hutu and the Twa. The Hutu reformed their way of th...

The Gold Rushes

The Gold Rushes What could be more American than the gold rush? Well, here are four of them. Californias was not the first nor the last. Earlier Gold Rushes While the 1849 Gold Rush is the one we capitalize, it was not the first gold rush. That one happened in North Carolina starting in 1803.  Not even coin collectors may know about that one, because unlike later gold rushes no federal mint was established there at the time. Nevertheless, all of Americas gold coinage from 1804 to 1828 was Carolina gold, shipped to Philadelphia for minting. The next gold rush happened in the hills of Georgia in 1828, in Cherokee country near the town of Dahlonega. A mint was duly established there, and the original D mint mark is found on coins from 1838 to 1861. A gold museum is there today, and historical markers around Lumpkin County point out mine after extinct mine. Another mint opened in Charlotte at this time to serve the mature gold mines of the Carolinas. The California Gold Rush Were all taught that early in 1848, on the 24th of January, James Marshall found gold nuggets in the flume of the water-driven mill he was building in Coloma, California Territory. The news took a while to build steam, but once it did California was swiftly transformed, and the Forty-Niner entered the worlds folklore. The Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park site has a good summary of the events of that day. There were parallels between Georgia and California. Hordes of outsiders poured in, stripped the land of the easy gold, and pushed out the original inhabitants. Soon the romantic- and destructive- prospectors and panners gave way to organized mining firms, which won the bulk of the wealth. A federal mint was established in both states to turn the gold dust into legal tender- Dahlonegas turned out gold coinage with the D mint mark until the Civil War began, and San Franciscos still makes specimen coins today with the S mark. (The original San Francisco mint is a cherished landmark building that survived the 1906 earthquake and fire, safeguarding its supply of money and helping fund the recovery.) Later Gold Rushes Lesser gold rushes over the next half-century left their traces elsewhere in the American West, in Nevada, Oregon, Colorado and Utah. The Colorado gold rush began in 1859, and many former Forty-Niners, themselves former twenty-eighters, set up diggings there. More natives were displaced, and another mint arose in Denver (again with the D mark) that still operates today. Some old coins bear a CC from the short-lived mint in Carson City, Nevada, which was not just a gold rush but a silver rush. But the classic gold rush ended with the turn of the century, starting in 1898 in the Klondike district of the Canadian Yukon and neighboring Alaska. This is the one that Charlie Chaplin reenacted in the movie The Gold Rush. Modern mining companies moved in quicker than ever, and the days of amateur gold hunters striking it rich ended. (North Ontarios major gold rush in 1910, for instance, was a fast-moving corporate affair.) By Chaplins time, just a generation later, history had become farce. Instead, gold-rush history has become a kind of pay dirt, and sites all over the Web serve up choice nuggets about the Klondikes glory days. Today the real money in gold belongs to serious miners, guided by serious geologists. Thus geology, the most practical science, creates the worlds wealth, and that is why the seal of the U.S. Geological Survey features mining tools. Some companies still work the old gold-rush grounds, but most of the diggings are anonymous waste lands today. PS: Many gold rush localities are fondly maintained today as attractive destinations for visitors and tourists. Try these: Columbia, CaliforniaCoos Canyon, MaineKlondike, AlaskaOld Sacramento, CaliforniaSkagway, AlaskaWickenburg, Arizona

Analysis two readings about Race and Ethnicity in American Culture Essay

Analysis two readings about Race and Ethnicity in American Culture - Essay Example Why? The Klan was naturally concerned about Hill’s activities as this enabled Hill to mobilize African Americans and educate them as to their civil and social rights. By educating African Americans, Hill could help them meet the literacy requirement and make them eligible to vote. He could pass on the information in the Republican newspaper to all African Americans. 3. Why did the Klan use such brutal violence against Hill and his relatives? Hill and his relatives were singled out for brutal violence due to Hill’s position as President of the Union League and the Klan’s belief that, as a preacher, he was instrumental in mobilizing African Americans to exercise their franchise. Hill’s correspondence with A.S. Wallace could instigate Congressional investigations into Klan activities. The Klan did not randomly choose people to terrorize. Hill was specifically targeted for his activities. 4. What significance, if any, should be attributed to the Klan’s demand that Hill pray for them? No significance need be attributed to the Klan’s demand that Hill pray for them, as the Klan appears to be totally committed to violence and the intimidation of African Americans. Their demand may be seen in the light of sarcasm, as Hill was a preacher. Document 3: The Ku Klux Klan Defends Americanism. 1. What did Evans mean by â€Å"the American race?† How was such a â€Å"race† formed? By â€Å"the American race† Evans meant the Americans whose ancestors belonged to the â€Å"old pioneer stock† (Evans, 126). This race was formed by the descendants of the pioneers who founded the nation. These pioneers were largely of Northwestern European heritage. 2. Why was the â€Å"Nordic American today --- a stranger?† The influx, and growing political clout, of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Jews and Catholics, undermined the dominance of the Nordic American. Protestant morals declined: Jews cel ebrated Sabbath on Saturday and religious instruction was banned in public schools. World War I demonstrated immigrants’ loyalty to their country of origin. 3. Why was â€Å"hyphenism† important? In what sense was â€Å"the melting pot --- a ghastly failure?† â€Å"Hyphenism† was important as it demonstrated that immigrants retained a dual identity and did not consider themselves as just Americans. The ‘Melting-pot’ metaphor was a failure as the various immigrant groups retained their unique ethnic practices and did not assimilate completely into American society. An immigrant might argue that retaining the ethnic practices of one’s country of origin enriched American culture and made it more vibrant. 4. Why did Evans believe â€Å"Liberalism† amount to â€Å"national, racial and spiritual treason?† â€Å"Liberalism† unconditionally accepted and aided immigrants, and therefore betrayed the interests of the old Nord ic race of Americans. The ideals of secularism changed the nature of American society and religion. A ‘Liberal’ might argue that philanthropy was open to all Americans and immigrants contributed to the advancement of American society in several fields. 3. Had the goals of the Klan changed from the Reconstruction era to the 1920’s? The goals of the Klan had definitely changed from the Reconstruction era to the 1920’s. This is unequivocally demonstrated by the two documents. In the Reconstruction era, as represented by Elias Hill’s testimony, the goal of the Klan was to serve as a vigilante group targeting African Americans and ensuring that

Discuss what you understand by physical ,scientific and creative ways Essay

Discuss what you understand by physical ,scientific and creative ways of learning and consider wether relating these elements en - Essay Example   It is the learner who interacts with objects and events and thereby gains an understanding of the features held by such objects or events.   The learner, therefore, constructs his/her own conceptualizations and solutions to problems.   Learner autonomy and initiative is accepted and encouraged.† (Van Ryneveld, n.d.). Teachers come up with several strategies in capturing their students’ attention, and courses are offered in helping educators become more efficient in imparting knowledge and skills to their pupils. No longer do they limit their teaching strategies to boring lectures, dizzying written and oral examinations and students’ delivery of memorized answers to expected questions. Teaching aids have likewise expanded from using flashcards, blackboard demonstrations and textbooks to more concrete materials like actual 3-dimensional objects, dioramas and multimedia materials. Activities are likewise evolving to be more learner-centered, as teachers are c oming to terms that their students have a hand in directing their own learning. This is not to say that teachers are slowly losing their hold on the learning of their students. In fact, they are important figures in stimulating and encouraging their students’ pursuit of knowledge. ... e rigorous intellectual commitment and perseverance, and teachers must continually connect student’s previous and current knowledge to the emerging curriculum. The relevance of curriculum to student interests therefore cannot be planned, because the learners’ interests and experience cannot be assumed nor completely evaluated in advance.† This gives the students more power in the acquisition of learning. Using prior knowledge, they are encouraged to invent their own solutions and try out their own ideas and hypotheses with the able support of their teachers. This way, they can indulge in concrete experiences that focus on their interests. Science is a subject that encourages constructive learning. The very nature of the scientific method supports it. Teachers may discuss theories in their lessons and encourage children to try them out in practice. Traditional classroom activities such as reporting in front of the class, showing pictures related to the lesson or fi lling out textbooks pale in comparison to concrete experiences such as touching a real, live dog, conducting plant experiments or cooking activities. The concrete interactions and experiences with the real world helps children retain learning better because they have actually experienced learning using most, if not all their senses. To illustrate, the following activities are designed to teach three scientific concepts, namely: 1. the gravitational pull of the sun. 2. the sun as the only source of light for the earth. 3. the formation of shadows This essay would illustrate how a child would learn these concepts through traditional scientific methods and in addition through the medium of art, dance and music as more constructivist methods of teaching-learning. 1. The Gravitational Pull of the Sun A.

Paul Scheerbart And His Art Ideas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paul Scheerbart And His Art Ideas - Essay Example Paul Scheerbart is regarded as the only poet in architecture by Bruno Tau. Scheerbart tried to focus on the idea of glass architecture. It is the dream of every architect is soaring, light, colorful, crystal clear and mobile constructions that will help to enhance and transform the habits of feeling and thoughts of Old Europe. The novel provides a vivid comprehensive background for both Bruno Taut and Paul Scheerbart. For more than twenty years, the German poet Paul Scheerbart wrote about glass architecture to present personal ideas1. The first novel of the author is the Gray Cloth. The author tried to use the structural simplicity and subtle irony of a fairy tale which is translated into English to present the philosophies and concepts of colored glass in Glass Architecture. The prime objective of the author is to reform mankind to make civilization better and make build a new society. The utopia of Scheerbart is that spiritual activities and metaphysical interest is connected with the new construction technology and it will cultivate to be the imaginative force in future. According to the Paul Scheerbart, the project consists of the building which is made up of glass materials and spiritual construction of buildings. The glass house of the author consists of glass elements which are colored. The daylight can pass through the colored glass and filter the colors. Scheerbart states that most of the people live in the enclosed spaces which help to form an environment and led to the evolution of culture2. Culture is known to be a product of architecture. The people are forced to transform the architecture if they wish to raise the level of culture. The author presents that the introduction of glass architecture can influence effectively to the evolution of culture. Glass architecture can let the light of stars, moon, and sunlight.

Water first- movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Water first- - Movie Review Example The most important attribute of the film is that though it is beyond general comprehension to relate such issues pertaining to women empowerment or combating HIV or AIDS and other contaminated diseases with ecological issue such as water consummation or sustainability, the film co – relates and addresses the same. As water consummation is a serious ecological issues world wide, similarly, women education, empowerment, sanitation and other health related issues are very core matter in the realm of human rights. Fresh drinking water along with minimum facility of health and sanitation is the fundamental human right of every global citizen and this film acts as an eye-opener through the story of Charles Banda, who at a very local level with local initiatives drilled 800 wells in the impoverish country like Malawi. The film talks and conveys a change which is mandatory in the present scenario and encourages education and eradication of poverty, hunger and inequality regarding the privileges and opportunities from which women are deprived in under-developed countries. The documentary named â€Å"Water First† is an attempt and a serious effort taken by the United Nations in educating and awaring people that a simple â€Å"can do† attitude can change everything. A little effort and a great determination can make big differences. The movie encapsulates the local effort of a fireman and transports it to a paradigm which is global. In representing this phenomenon a lot of effort and expertise was essential for conveying the hidden messages and awareness program launched through the movie. United Nations had a particular agenda behind their program â€Å"Millennium Development Goals† or (MDGs). The set goals, which fall under the MDG program launched by United Nations, committed to undertake many development oriented programs under which it was soon understood that the clean water is a major agenda and a very formative issue in the path of

PP3003 Research Question Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

PP3003 Research Question Paper - Essay Example Milward suggests that the founding fathers of the EU actually intended their states to maintain sovereignty in the system and that only by binding the economies of the states to some extent together could their independence in a rapidly changing world be maintained. As Milward wrote in his The European Rescue of the Nation-State, "The reinvigorated nation-state had to choose the surrender of a degree of national sovereignty to sustain its reassertion . . .† (Milward 1992) The post-war system was such that European states would have had a harder time existing if they did not rely on one another. Without the EU they would not have as much independence as they have today. This is an interesting argument but is not a convincing one. It is one that makes more sense in the 1990s than it does in the aftermath of the recent expansion and economic crisis. The truth is that by overreaching, the EU has come to damage the independence of the nation state. Countries such as Greece and Irela nd have given up a great deal of sovereignty in recent months (Brown 2011). The EU bureaucracy and power have grown dramatically and eclipsed weaker countries. The EU has become, in some senses, a monster that has a life of its own. Nation states are vanishing within its bailout mechanism and refusal to allow individual devaluation. Milward's argument may have made more sense when he first made it but time has not been kind to it. Bomberg, E. (2003): The European Union: How Does It Work? (The New European Union Series). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brown, JM (Jan. 2011): "How the Celtic Tiger Lost its Roar", Prospect. Milward, A (1992): The European Rescue of the Nation-State. New York: Routeledge. 2) What impact did the ECJ’s rulings in the Van Gend en Loos and Costa cases have on the development of the EU legal order? The rulings led to the establishment of the fact that the treaty creating the EC also created a new legal order, effectively creating a supra-national bod y of law. The Van Gend en Loos case related to tariffs between companies (Barnard 2007). One country wanted to raise a tariff on a chemical but this was found to breach EC law, as the purpose of the treaty was to reduce tariffs between countries. For the first time, it was determined that countries were required to obey rules higher than those created in their own legislatures. The countries of the EC were binding themselves together with new laws that in many senses encroached upon their independence and sovereignty. This case created the doctrine of direct effect, which was perhaps not foreseeable some of the new signatories to the EC treaty, whereby provisions in the treaty could have direct legal effect and overpower their own domestic law. Costa is a case that confirmed this idea. EC/EU law is paramount where a conflict occurs between the two laws. This has since been somewhat weakened by many national courts which suggest that this type of paramountcy only really occurs when t he EU law is in sync with the national constitution of the affected country. Not every EU law will therefore be paramount over every national law. There is some room to manoeuvre (Kent 2001). We can see from this important rulings by the ECJ the beginning of the legal order of the EU superstate. There were many unforeseen consequences to the signing of the first treaty and the beginning of ever closer union. Many legal

Domain Name System Problems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Domain Name System Problems - Assignment Example These problems are usually associated with the system’s sparse documentation particularly in relation to maintaining and managing DNS data (National Research Council (U.S.), 2005). These problems make its master zone file to be prone to error. Therefore, this essay aims at addressing fundamental problems associated with DNS application and probable solutions to such identified problems. There are numerous but distinct DNS threat categories. Most of the problems are usually general; however, few of them are DNS protocol problems with specific peculiarities. Some of the DNS problems include packet interception, ID query and guessing prediction, name chaining, trusted server betrayal, service denial, domain names authenticated denial, and wildcards. Packet interception forms are the simplest threats on DNS including eavesdropping that translates to spoofed responses. This usually takes the real back response to the resolver. In this case, the attackers will simply tell any resolver whatever it intends the party to believe. It should be noted that the attacks from the packet interceptions are not usually unique to the DNS; however, they unencrypted the UDP packets thereby making the attacked data vulnerable to the people who can intercept such data packets; hence, transmitting or sharing them to other networks (Deturbide and Scassa, 2004). Moreover, the attacker intercepts are likely to return the desired results through reply message with other parts of the correct message; thus, generating further complications to the desired data. The solutions to the interception attacks may include assigning DNS messages through a security mechanism including IPsec or encrypting messages using IPsec. These solutions are not the best since they are expensive especially for the heavy internet or private service data users.  

PP3003 Research Question Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

PP3003 Research Question Paper - Essay Example Milward suggests that the founding fathers of the EU actually intended their states to maintain sovereignty in the system and that only by binding the economies of the states to some extent together could their independence in a rapidly changing world be maintained. As Milward wrote in his The European Rescue of the Nation-State, "The reinvigorated nation-state had to choose the surrender of a degree of national sovereignty to sustain its reassertion . . .† (Milward 1992) The post-war system was such that European states would have had a harder time existing if they did not rely on one another. Without the EU they would not have as much independence as they have today. This is an interesting argument but is not a convincing one. It is one that makes more sense in the 1990s than it does in the aftermath of the recent expansion and economic crisis. The truth is that by overreaching, the EU has come to damage the independence of the nation state. Countries such as Greece and Irela nd have given up a great deal of sovereignty in recent months (Brown 2011). The EU bureaucracy and power have grown dramatically and eclipsed weaker countries. The EU has become, in some senses, a monster that has a life of its own. Nation states are vanishing within its bailout mechanism and refusal to allow individual devaluation. Milward's argument may have made more sense when he first made it but time has not been kind to it. Bomberg, E. (2003): The European Union: How Does It Work? (The New European Union Series). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brown, JM (Jan. 2011): "How the Celtic Tiger Lost its Roar", Prospect. Milward, A (1992): The European Rescue of the Nation-State. New York: Routeledge. 2) What impact did the ECJ’s rulings in the Van Gend en Loos and Costa cases have on the development of the EU legal order? The rulings led to the establishment of the fact that the treaty creating the EC also created a new legal order, effectively creating a supra-national bod y of law. The Van Gend en Loos case related to tariffs between companies (Barnard 2007). One country wanted to raise a tariff on a chemical but this was found to breach EC law, as the purpose of the treaty was to reduce tariffs between countries. For the first time, it was determined that countries were required to obey rules higher than those created in their own legislatures. The countries of the EC were binding themselves together with new laws that in many senses encroached upon their independence and sovereignty. This case created the doctrine of direct effect, which was perhaps not foreseeable some of the new signatories to the EC treaty, whereby provisions in the treaty could have direct legal effect and overpower their own domestic law. Costa is a case that confirmed this idea. EC/EU law is paramount where a conflict occurs between the two laws. This has since been somewhat weakened by many national courts which suggest that this type of paramountcy only really occurs when t he EU law is in sync with the national constitution of the affected country. Not every EU law will therefore be paramount over every national law. There is some room to manoeuvre (Kent 2001). We can see from this important rulings by the ECJ the beginning of the legal order of the EU superstate. There were many unforeseen consequences to the signing of the first treaty and the beginning of ever closer union. Many legal

Hobbes and Locke's Ideas on Sovereignty Literature review

Hobbes and Locke's Ideas on Sovereignty - Literature review Example Citizens are obliged to say okay to authority by their governments due to the fact that the alternative, which is living without some form of governance, would not be ideal. The foundation of a state is based on the relationship between governments and their respective citizens. Advocates of theories of social contract go about explaining the reasons as to why governments are formed by citizens as well as are compelled to abide by the law. The theories of social contract were heavily supported by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Despite this, the theories by the two just about totally opposed on the nature of the power of the governing supreme, human nature as well as on the citizens’ rights against the supreme. Locke employed the social contract to support limited constitutionalism while Hobbes employed the same to defend absolutism.         The Leviathan’s writing began shortly after the start of England’s civil war and was later published in 1651. The primary motives of Hobbes writing his theory of sovereignty are believed to be accounting for a stable political authority. In fact, Hobbes feels that it is the desire for stability that drives men into agreeing to enter into a commonwealth. According to Hobbes, a state of nature has â€Å"no propriety, no Dominion, no Mine and Thine distinct; but (only) that to be every man's that he can get; and for so long as he can keep it." He believed that the state of nature was characterized by a war between every man, and against every man.In addition, Hobbes argued that in a case of a natural state, "every man has a right to everything; even to one another's a body", describing the state of lives of men in this state as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". This is in line with his argument that though men are equal in their natural sense, continued acquis ition of property results in bad self-preservation. The above-mentioned condition has no room for living large, industry, or private ownership of property beyond what one can secure from others by force. When people begin hunting each other for property, a state of insecurity is born and eventually results in fear of death among the citizens. This fright, together with the hunger for a large living is described by Hobbes as â€Å"the passions that incline men to peace.†

Six Stages Consumer Purchasing Process Marketing Essay

Six Stages Consumer Purchasing Process Marketing Essay Consumer buying behavior is study based on consumer purchase decision making process and act of consumers involved in buying and using products. (businessdictionary.com, 2010). Understand the needs of consumers and their purchase behaviors are important when a marketer comes to success delivering products to the market. (Sheth, 1973) However, the most challenging thing about that every consumer is unique and has his own reason for purchasing a particular product in satisfaction of his needs and wants. Consumer buying behavior also trends to move with change continually in influential factors. As marketers, they must know what factors influence consumer purchase. The earliest literature review on consumer buying behavior is the book of Golden Rules of Business Success by Tao Zhu Gong (Fan Li, 439BC), which record about the importance of understanding the current and forecasting the future consumer purchasing trends, and then educating consumers, thereby influence their purchasing decision (Kotler et al, 1994). There is a wonderful example of how does Apple through evaluate consumer behavior to obtain an effective online marketing. Apple assume about consumer behavior are reflected in their online shopping. In consideration of an assumption for consumers time presses and technical savvy, Apple focus on their products and technology, and design with a tag relating to their core products like iPod, iPhone, Mac and iTunes in website. The design aim at facilitate information intensive and more convenient to consumers online shopping based on Apple behavioral assumption for consumers. This is a minimalist method that Apple assumes their target consumers are suspicious of hard sell, so Apple tries marketing toward soft sell approach. 2.2 Six Stages Consumer Purchasing Process A consumer gets through six stages in any purchase (Vashisht, 2005) (see Figure 1). According to this model, a consumer must first be recognizing a problem based on his needs. This perceiving could be external stimulated by marketing communication, physical cues or seeing the product in use (Neal, 2006). When the consumers are aware of they need, and then meaning the identification of product consumer needs, this stage depends on how important the product is to consumer by socially, economically and psychologically (Adcock, 2001). Once the consumers have recognized a problem, they enter the information search stage on products that look for solutions to their problems. Consumers could undertake both an internal search (memory), and an external search from commercial or public sources (Belch, 2007). Consumers will also tryout the product if possible. The consumers will have a rank or shortlist from which they will buy the products by then. After the information search, the shortlisted products will be compared and evaluated by product attributes, subjective factors or personal criteria (Gilligan, 2007). By the end of alternatives evaluation stage, the consumers would have decided on an ideal product to buy. When the alternatives have been evaluated, the consumers will decide to purchase product includes from whom to buy, where and when to buy, even whether to buy (Vashisht, 2005). Khosla, Swati (2002) notice that marketer must facilitate the action of consumers on purchase intention. In the final stage of post-purchase evaluation, the consumer compares it with his expectations and ranks his purchase levels of satisfaction. The evaluation determines if the consumer will purchase this product again and tell others (Mullin, 2008). With the newest MacBook in June, 2012, a case about the influence of Apple successful marketing on a typical consumers purchase decision making process based on six stages mentioned above. At first a consumer is going to recognizing need. This problem is recognized by the stimulus, like Apples secretive press conference. The result as may not be a truly essential item but still become his needs and he so desperately want it. After recognizing his needs, consumer starts an information search stage. Depend on a high interest, he is going to search all pertinent information for the newest MacBook, because he want understand it better, it include opinions for others and reviews to weight his own options. During this consumer to evaluate the alternatives, the result in the newest MacBook is very different from others and it is an innovative product. Now to his purchase decision, he is inclined to purchase the newest MacBook base his evaluations on a truly need level. Lastly, when he has gained the newest MacBook, he feels satisfaction on the post purchase. 2.3 Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior Various analysts categorize the many factors influencing consumer behavior in different classification. Relevant ways are internal and external factors by Koudelka (1996) and categorization in to sociocultural and psychological factors by Hitesh Bhasin (2010). Mowen and Minor (2009) identifies five factors, which they categorizes in to Personal, Social, Cultural, Psychological and Situational factors effect on consumer purchasing decision (see Figure 2). This way is also endorsed by Kujnish Vashisht et al. (2005). 2.3.1 Personal Factors Gilligan (2009) opinion that each of us is unique traits such as age, knowledge, profession, personality, lifestyle and financial situation will influence our consumer behavior. Kotler (2009) identifies that individual factors are highly linked to the human psychological factors. According personal factors, Apple will segment market into a meaningful consumer groups, better serve toward target consumer groups, provide differentiated serve to target consumers and positioning themselves in the minds of consumers. Another compelling example highlights how does Apple utilizes personal factors to implement their marketing successfully. Due to Gilligans opinion for everybody is unique, Apple allow consumer according to their own favor to download the different software in their devices so that assemble into a unique product for theirself, such as iTouch allow consumers to download their own favor games, music or moves by iTunes, thus everyone has a unique iTouch that should aim to maximize consumer satisfaction. 2.3.2 Cultural Factors Bob Perry (2009) suggests that cultural factors has most important effect on consumer purchasing decision due to they are the major cause of a personal needs and behavior. Cultural factors include personal value, attitude, perception, etc. cultural factors dominated by personal social culture, geographical area, education level or religious belief and life experiences of shape the personal consciousness or behavior ways (Wilson, 2009). Berkman (1986) note that social status also plays a role will be reflected in the consumer purchasing habits by a combination of income, wealth, education, occupation and others. For example, consumers used to measure their social status by their consumption level, higher consumption level represents the higher social status, Apple successful utilizes this variable to induce consumers purchase Apple product on an expensive side. Owning an Apple product has become a contemporary social sign. It means that youre doing well enough financial conditions to piss away on a higher-priced consumption level. 2.3.3 Social Factors Human beings live in a society and social factors are really important influence for individual buying behaviors. Family members, friends, relatives or colleagues often form reference groups who play an important role in influencing the purchasing decision of individuals (Hoyer Haythornthwaite, 2002). Hence, Apple did a smart application about networking, public forums discussion, and online reports share to indirect influencing the consumer emotion. Based on the modern socially-connected world, Apple marketing has benefited to public praise, word of mouth way, social proof or media hype by this variable (Macinnis, 2010). 2.3.4 Psychological Factors Psychological factors include personal motivation, views, needs, attitudes or perception. Marshal (2007) believes that individually psychology is the biggest challenges will be managed. If a resource is scarce, people will put a lot of value to it, Fernbach (2012) said, consumers go nuts, and they want to buy it. The rarer a thing is, the more it is value has been become the Apples marketing mantra is used to driven consumers psychology. Fernbach also indicated two other psychological behavioral factors play a role in helping Apple draw their consumer behaviors to marketing are impatience and herd mentality. Apple thinks that when we see others doing something, we will automatically to following. When Apple release iPhone 5 in September 21st 2012, many consumers take the time to line up outside Meadows mall in order to first to get an iPhone 5 (Denver, 2012). Conformity psychological trend will add personal value, acknowledge and self-recognition (Herzberg, 1987). 2.3.5 Situational Factors Foxall (1998) identified that situational factors accounted for a large proportion of consumer purchasing decision. The act of purchase is influenced by many factors: physical environment (mood, weather or lighting), social surrounds (stores atmosphere) occasion (seasonal pressures) and even temporal perspectives (Stewart, 1987). 2.4 Types of Consumer Buying Behavior Henry Assael (1987) divide buying behavior into four types (see Figure 3), depending upon the extent of involvement and degree of difference among products: complex buying behavior, dissonance reducing buying behavior, habitual buying behavior and variety seeking buying behavior. 2.4.1 Brief Four Types of Consumer Buying Behavior Habitual buying behavior in results when the consumers choose between different substitute products with same features and functions, consumers will go for the one that they has been using before or familiar with it. Kotler (2009) is of the opinion that more due to brand loyalty than habit. Variety seeking consumer buying behavior is a randomly buy, the result when the consumer has decided on a different product every time. Adcock (2001) holds that switch a new brand not due to dissatisfaction for old brand, it only satisfy they to try out the new one. Dissonance reducing buying behavior as the third, consumers will be highly involved in this type of buying behavior due to the cost and risk of the purchase, but will recognize less or no product difference between the brands. They feeling distrust or disappoint (Wilson, 2009). Complex buying behavior takes place when highly involved consumers who compare with full brands of the products in the market. This type of consumer will go through a relative lengthy stage of information search and evaluation based on their needs (Baker, 2003). 2.4.2 The Application for Apple Company The analysis shows that four types of consumer buying behavior-based, Apple successful built their brand loyalists, this type consumers loyal to Apple brand goes beyond the product itself. For example, the loyalists who purchase Apple Mac because of them like and believe in the Apple brand. Apple positions their brand values in mind of consumers. Apple applies these values to design anything. If Apple were to sale a car as result in they should be also successful with their loyal consumers due to loyalists will believe that the same perceived across every Apple product they offer. In this research, according to the concepts, influential factors, purchasing decision making process and types of consumer behavior, consumers gender, age, education level, and income level as the most important demographic variables will be involved in Apple marketing. Apple applies these individual demographic factors to create marketing mix in order to cater consumers satisfactions. These demographic factors play a major role in consumer purchasing decision making process. Hence, the hypothesis one was stated as follow: H1: The significant differences exist in the relationship between demographic variables and consumers intentions to purchase Apple product. 2.5 Marketing Marketing Mix Adock (2007) using Neil Bordens 4Ps (1953) (see Figure 4), identifies marketing is that a right product, in a right place, at the right time and at the right price. Around this conclusion, the market competition between the businesses has moved from product, price, place and promotion to a single p-people, and that people are the consumers. Marketers are able to obtain more consumers that play a major role in deciding the winner in a diverse, complex and rapid changing situation (Uysal, 2005), because of they recognize that it look unlikely to produce one product that will satisfy all consumers in this competition. Instead, marketers must plan marketing mix to guide marketing. The marketing mix is the strategic framework to focus on developing best tactics and strategies to achieve marketplace success based on objectives of marketing. Marketing mix also as a strategic tool is that used in marketers to communicate their marketing objectives and control variables to their target market (Kolter, 2001). It includes 4 types of variables in marketing mix, also called the 4Ps: (1) product: supply of a tangible or intangible item to meet the needs of consumers, such as brand name, functions, design or packaging etc. (2) price: the amount of money a customer pay for the product, it may include pricing, discounts etc. (3) promoti on: the methods of communication that companies to delivery information to consumers, the means like advertising , sales promotions etc. (4) place: a location where is consumer to purchase, the decision such as distribution channels or transportation (Clemons, 2006). 2.6 The Extended Marketing Mix The Extended Marketing Mix of Booms and Bitner (1981) also called 7Ps (see Figure 5), as marketing tool that increase 3 variables based on 4 traditional Marketing Mix framework for seven. The 7Ps model is more useful for technological-intensive industries to attract and retain their consumers (Mauborgne, 2004). The expanded the marketing mix by replenishing the following three additional Ps: People refer to all individuals directly or indirectly involved in the consumption process. They include the workers, employees, management and consumers themselves. Process as methods, procedures of providing quality services and products and is an essential element of the marketing mix. Physical Evidence refers to both tangible and intangible ability and environment in which the services products are delivered, such as buildings, stores, experience or customers satisfaction (David Pickton Rosalind Masterson, 2009). The benefits about applying the marketing mix are that help marketers to translate their competitive advantages to target consumers helps with goal achievement and promote customers satisfaction (Rice, 1993). A criticism stated that traditional marketing mix is too simply due to consumers environment has become more complex now (Chiliya, 2009), so, in order to extend the usefulness of it, I will try to best research the influences of the extended marketing mix on Apple by a successful 7Ps strategy. Under this criticism, the hypothesis two was stated as follow: H2: The significant differences exist in the relationship between demographic variables and consumers responses for the Apple marketing mix. 2.7 The Application of Marketing Mix for Apple Company If use one word to summarize Apple marketing mix, it should have to be a differentiation. Apple makes huge efforts to differentiate their anything from their competitors. There are several typical examples to respectively reveal how the marketing mix of Apple can differentiate others in success. 2.7.1 Product Almost everyone knows that Apple products are distinct, unique and different from their competitors. All products of Apple succeeded in its innovation for superior design and high-tech functions stand out from their competitors (Diana Samuels, 2010). Apple has been a unified design philosophy is based on their brand cultural for total products. They using similar word named their products: iPad, iTouch, iPhone, iAnyting to create and foster brand identity to consumers (Nick, 2010). In addition, Apples core competitive advantage is control over experience of users by a user-friendly user interfaces and a digital hub strategy with iTunes and App store, etc. Apple has successful integrated hardware and software services from a single supplier to monopoly operations (Arthur, 2011). The long awaited of iPhone5 has just launched and a lot of new design for a smaller dock connector, taller 4-inch screen, 20% lighter than the older version and 18% thinner. The appearance design will deal for users to holding with just one hand. Camera, battery life also has improved and the functional features will support LTE (The Guardian, 2012). And the graphics and processor are twice as faster than iPhone4S by A6 chip. The iPhone5 is identified as a most high-end product in current smartphone market. 2.7.2 Price Premium price is well known as price strategy in Apple, the biggest reason for the success of Apple premium price is that Apple provides a distinct products services and it different from its competitors, so prices will automatically rise and higher than others depend on the distinct technologies provided by each product (Cohen, 2011). The other tactics is skimming price has a great result of sales for Apple. Each time the Apple launch a new product, they will charge a higher price with a hunger sale that they confirm consumers will pay (Benjamin, 2012). And later introduces lower price version with fewer functions (for example, iPod) or a newer version with a higher price (for instance, for the pricing of iPhone 5 is same as previous versions and the older versions will drop pricing) (Jemima, 2012). As the early purchasers are satisfied, and then following the demand curve, the price will be lowered. 2.7.3 Place Apple Store has already successful out there around the world in different places, and will continues expanding in key locations around the world to improve their capabilities of distribution. Not only Apple Store provides to consumers a comfortable atmosphere of shopping, but also delivers a high touch shopping experience and education mode (Wolf, 2011). The place tactics of Apple Store is attention to detail layout, services like the larger Genius Bar and comfortable product-display tables. Consumers can stay in Apple Store anytime they want playing with the any products with website and nobody will boot out them to leave (Brownlee, 2012). 2.7.4 Promotion Apple is very active in its promotional tactics for create hype towards public. The main method is advertising, it can be found on anytime, anywhere and any way (Sean, 2010). This effort has successful in creating excitement and curiosity before the induction of new products every time. Today, the logo of Apple has become one of the most recognizable signs (McManus, 2012). However its worth mentioning, the point of never changed is that Apple Inc. always keep a distinct and consistent style on its advertising (Gilmour, 2011), such as the commercials of company is focused on innovation and the iPod focused on the coolness. The personal selling is one of promotional tool for Apple Inc. (Duckett, 2009) Apple Stores always employ many young and knowledgeable sales representatives to serve their consumers better. Additionally, Apple knows that the word-of-mouth is usually as a more usefully and effective reference for consumers purchase their product (Martin, 2008). 2.7.5 People The continued effect of Steve Jobs celebrity charm brings a large number of Apple fans (Dent, 2011). New Chief Executive Officer of Apple is Timothy D. Tim Cook and today, Apple Inc. owns a various members who are working together with mutual different technology and knowledge area in order to create more effective products and services. 2.7.6 Physical Evidence Distinct design style and comfortable shopping atmosphere environment is major reason of the physical evidence strategy succeeded in revolute the traditional displays (Rachel Lamb, 2012). All experience touch point strong the Apple brand. Moreover, the Apple logo has evolved to an Apple with a bite taken out now. 2.7.7 Process Apple Company seeks to attract new consumers and retain their loyalty through focus on customer service (Peter, 2009). The service consultants are 24/7 available for the best service to their all users in order to help them optimize solution at the first moment. One to One service will help consumers do more than when they after purchase a new Mac (Grace, 2011). Apple has expanded their delivery channels in recent years such as the MacWorld Expo. Although the marketing mix of Apple has been very successful, but it still lead to the difference exist in consumer behaviors. Under this line, the hypothesis three was identified as follow: H3: The positive relationship exists between the consumer buying intentions for Apple product and their perceptions for Apple marketing mix. 2.8 Relevant Theories and Models The objectively explanation theories models to complex consumer buying behavior actions tool a major part in this subject, which based on economics, environics, sociology, ethnic and cultural studies, political science, philosophy, marketing science, psychology, behaviorism and anthropology (Schiffman, 1993). These also bring the wealth of valuable literature available on this subject. 2.8.1 Marshallian Theory According to the economic doctrine by Smith and Jeremy Bentham (1879), Marshall propounds the Marshallian model that assumes individual buyer will spend his income on a rational commodity and conscious economic calculation. This theory attempt to driven the buyers equilibrium for their psychological needs of commodity and individual financial situation with supply price (Runyon, 1987). Lets go back to 2001, one of the more prominent example is when iPod introduced by Apple, there were already many other MP3 players on the market, iPod were not the first, it were a new technological product that were unfamiliar to people, and iPod were also on an expensive price. Under the background of global economic crisis, Apple was realizing that likely to be missed out on a potential sales opportunities due to the middle and lower classes whose income levels are so low, and Motherbaugh (2008) indicates that the middle and lower classes make up 75% of global structure for the time. According to this reason, Apple changed the product and price of iPod in order to accommodate to meet a social-demographic structure differentiation. Apple introduced the different memory capacity of iPod such as 8G, 16G etc. and different models like a smaller iPod shuffle. Apple did a clever move by create the new marketing mix to cater the different purchasing power based on different social demog raphic structures. Applying this principle of theory, Apple has successful seized the potential consumers psychology, create products differentiation to handle a consumers needs and strong urge to purchase on a premium price. The main criticism of this theory is that consumers are get affected by other variables such as marketing and social factors observably. Consumers are unlikely to be due solely to the prices of Apple products to decide their purchase intentions. Hence, the theory is ignores all the other aspects, is too simple and inadequate (Arena, 2003). A second view is that the consumers are not likely to fully aware of the market, Kotler (1979) believe that this theory is unrealistic. 2.8.2 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory Maslow is a well-known hierarchy of psychological needs theory (Abraham Maslow, 1943). Maslow categorizes five basic levels of human needs in lower level needs to higher level needs (see Figure 6), range from biogenic need to psychogenic need (Kabuk, 1997). Loudon (1993) support this model is that better understands the consumers motivation and used to market segments. Wahba Brudwell (1976) has argued that found little evidence to rank the hierarchy of needs in their extensive research. Manfred Max Neef (1990) has also argued the result for the hierarchical human needs have not included all, such as freedom. Maslows model has also been criticized as difficult to categorize because of the ever-changing needs along with a changing environment (Della Bitta, 1993). Despite the much criticism on this model, the marketers of Apple think that it is useful in marketing mix strategy as result in it can provides an understanding for consumers perceptions and motivations. For instance, there is main motivation for consumers to purchase an iTouch are to listen to music, play games, or see the moves and as a higher status symbol. These are the primary drives of their motivations to purchase iTouch. The drive of motivations is a pressure that is come from the consumers by their social groups and intentions are the final satisfaction of the buying cycle. The motivate level can be measured through the iTouch if satisfy the consumers expected for quality. According to the Maslow Theory of Need Hierarchy, the consumers purchase the iTouch in order to satisfy their wants and needs due to the iTouch as a luxury product that makes the consumers feel pleasure and satisfy the highest hedonistic needs within total hierarchy. Additionally, Apple use this hierarchy as a comprehensive framework to guide their create advertising through appeals for the need level towards target consumers, focus on their distinct products features and service experience. 2.8.3 Pavlovian Model OShaughnessy (1992) describes that the learning of Pavlovian model is also called classical conditioning (see Figure 7). Pavlov (1890) explains that the relationship with drive, cue and response results in habits. This model contributes to provide insights to research concerning consumer behavior and marketing. Apple marketing is like the dag of Pavlov, the reason is that once the bell of Pavlov rings, numerous consumers are queuing outside the Apple retail store to purchase Apple product around the world, a huge proportion of consumers are almost become habit. For instance, when the iPad 2 was introduced in last year, nobody mind or even aware of its camera was less than 0.92 megapixels, but the Motorola Xooms was 5 megapixels and clearer. The weakness of Pavlovian Model is inability to adequately explain the interpersonal influences, perception etc. to be important result (Gatersleben, 1998). For example consumers may not be able to purchase the Apple product under their financial situations. However, this model contributes to Apple by offers industry insights, in term of guidance for advertising strategy to target consumers. Apple active in a hype way and repetitive slogan has frequent appear in anywhere and anytime to arouse consciousness of consumers and strong brand identify. 2.8.4 Howard Sheth Buyer Behavior Model Howard Sheth Model was considered as an advanced theory of consumer behavior by most scholars (see Figure 8). The major advantage of the model presents with a large number of variables has been linked in the consumer purchase decision based on behavioristics (Bridgewell, 1987). This model help Apple to identify that their target consumers individual characteristics, consumer purchasing decision making process, interaction of their marketing mix stimuli, and consumer responses on Apple products under the macro environment stimuli depend on internal personal stimuli and external force stimuli. Apple applies it as guidance of marketing mix that better understanding for a relationship between the stimuli and the response of the consumers by behaviorism. However, in reality many decisions are not made in awareness of a determined problem by the consumer. However, the limitation of study is that the model too comprehensive involvement of almost all variables and many consumers decisions are not awareness, itll difficult to measurement and cannot be realistically tested (Francesco, 1976). 2.8.5 Porters Generic Strategies Michael E. Porter (1995) developed a model of generic strategies to how a company to sustain the competitive advantage and better position in a market (see Figure 9). Porter suggests three generic strategies of achieve a market leadership position, which are cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy and focus strategies based on target market. Cost leadership is where the company must offer lowest costs than its rivals (Thompson, 2007). Cost leadership can be achieved by cost-saving, minimizing waste, standardized product and large scale production (Martin 2006). Differentiation strategy makes use of unique product, special brand, innovative services and superior value to capture the market (Stahl, 1997). Focus strategies concentrates on a limited range of market segments. Focus strategy can gain both cost leadership and differentiation (Stopford, 1992). Critics have always questioned the use of generic strategies, its lack specificity, lack flexibility, and are limiting nature (W.Chan Kim, 2009). Two objectives of cost leadership and differentiation will likely conflict mutually (Baden-Fuller, 1994). Based on Porters model, Apple is pursuing a broad differentiation strategy to marketing by providing a wide range of products and services for a high quality, luxury design, distinct features, personalized and user-friendly service. The products and services are breaking through all of race, gender, age and culture targeting populations. The example is personal computers products, such as the iMac, iBook. Apple computers pay more attention to innovation rather than pricing products at lower level. The Macintosh operating system of Apple computers is a unique system in the computer industry. Apple marketing is able to charge a premium price on their products by their differentiation strategy. 2.9 Current Market Trends and Challenges facing the Industry Consumer electronics industry is a very fast moving and continually changing marketplace where new product is launched on an everyday basis. Today the consumer electronics companies work on the mantra of providing more significant product at faster speed than their rivals (Alan Flitcroft, 2008). Time is a key element where the new winner innovative competitive rules at speed (Hart Murphy, 1998). Every day one marketer is rolling out new technology. In such a trend, no one knows what each marketer will bring out tomorrow that will pose threat to others. So fast innovation pace makes the companies challenge is that it have been hit by more competitors who have entered market (Carter, 2005). Thus, the marketers must seek for their competitive advantage, focus on innovate the new selling points to attract or retain customers. The words of Hart (1999) must be able to getting different, which especially in the top managed company to go on the market in an invincible position. 2.10 Conceptual Framework The purpose of this research is to identify the influence of marketing mix on attitudinal buying behaviors consumers. Determine the significant differences exist in the relationship between Apple marketing mix perceptions of consumers and their con